Ms. Blake wanted to leave the San Francisco Bay Area. Her parents had bought a house on a large plot of land near a gateway to Yosemite National Park. Benjamin could stay with them while she worked at a supermarket in town. He could run around in the hills. What she hadn’t quite accounted for, though, is how the hills are becoming hotter, drier and more dangerous.
A year after they moved came the first of an annual series of wildfires, and an asthma diagnosis (哮喘诊断) for Benjamin. One year, they had to leave from their home for a few days. Another year, they bought air-conditioners so they could keep the windows shut when the air got thick and smoky. This year, just as it seemed like Benjamin’s asthma was relieving, came the Creek Fire in the hills nearby. The air turned white with smoke. The boy had what appeared to be a mild asthma attack.
Ms. Blake struggles to explain to him why he can't be outside exploring. She worries when he goes to school. She wonders how much longer the family will be able to insure their home if rates climb higher — and what they’ll do if insurance becomes unavailable at any price. “It seems every year there’s some major fire,” Ms. Blake said. “We're smoked out. It's hard to breathe. It's always a worry that you' re going to have to flee or you1 re going to lose your home.” She said she had spent in the neighborhood of $1,000 this year to equip her home. “To protect my son of course I’m going to do that,” she said. “But it' s fundamentally unfair.”
1. What can be learned from Paragraph 1-2?| A．Benjamin likes living in San Francisco Bay Area |
| B．Benjamin didn’t have an asthma before moving. |
| C．Ms. Blake stayed with her son while working. |
| D．Ms. Blake could explain how the hills are becoming drier. |
| A．To help cure Benjamin’s asthma. |
| B．To keep the air cool in hot summer. |
| C．To keep the air drier in the house. |
| D．To keep the windows shut when necessary. |
| A．Some dry brush and dead trees caused fire. |
| B．Series of wildfires attacked his living area. |
| C．The weather became hotter and drier. |
| D．The air got thick and smoky in the San Francisco Bay Area. |
| A．Anxious and angry. |
| B．Concerned and confused. |
| C．Unconcerned and uninterested. |
| D．Positive and hopeful. |
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【推荐1】My friend, Monty Roberts owns a horse ranch (养马场). The last time I was there he introduced me a story like this: There was a young man who was the son of a horse trainer, who would go from stable (马厩) to stable, race track to race track, farm to farm and ranch to ranch, training horses. So the boy's school career was continually interrupted. When he was a senior, he was asked to write a paper about what he wanted to be and do when he grew up.
That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his goal of someday owning a horse ranch. He wrote about his dream in great detail and he even drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch, showing the location of all the buildings, the stables and the track. He also drew a detailed floor plan for a 4,000-square-foot house that would sit on a 200-acre dream ranch. He put a great deal of his heart into the project and the next day he handed it in to his teacher. Two days later he received his paper back. On the front page was a large red F with a note that read, “See me after class.”
The boy with the dream went to see the teacher after class and asked why he received an F. The teacher said, "This is an unrealistic dream for a young boy like you. You have no money. You have no resources. Owning a horse ranch requires a lot of money. You have to buy the land. There's no way you could ever do it... If you will rewrite this paper with a more realistic goal, I will reconsider your grade.”
The boy went home and thought about it long and haul. He asked his father what he should do. His father said, "Look, son, you have to make up your own mind on this. However, I think it is a very important decision for you.” Finally, after a week, the boy turned in the same paper, making no changes at all. He stated, “You can keep the F and I'll keep my dream."
Monty then turned to me and said, "I tell you this story because you are sitting in my 4, 000-square-foot house in the middle of my 200-acre horse ranch. I still have that school paper framed over the fireplace.” He added, "The best part of the story is that two years ago that same schoolteacher brought 30 kids to camp out on my ranch for a week. When the teacher was leaving, he said, “Look, Monty, when I was your teacher, I was something of a dream stealer. During those years I stole a lot of kids’ dreams. Fortunately you had enough ambition not to give up on yours.”
1. How did the father deal with his son’s problem?| A．He did not pay attention to it. |
| B．He punished his son for the large red F. |
| C．He encouraged his son to make his own decision. |
| D．He scolded his son for the ridiculous plan. |
| A．Skill comes by exercise. |
| B．Everybody's good at something. |
| C．It's great to have dreams. |
| D．Where there is a will, there is a way. |
| A．Because he didn’t like his teacher. |
| B．Because he had to do much housework. |
| C．Because he refused to go to school sometimes. |
| D．Because his father always changed his working place. |
| A．A boy having no changes | B．A boy following his heart |
| C．A boy holding on to his dream | D．A boy owning a horse ranch |
【推荐2】Most students, when asked about their ideal graduation gift, would probably reply, “Acar”, or “Money for a deposit on a house”. Cai Kaiyuan,21, made a different choice. As a graduation gift to himself, he decided to work as a volunteer teacher in a remote village in Tibet.
Cai, a senior majoring in electrical engineering at Huan Railway Professional Technology College, originally planned to cycle from Sichuan to Tibet. During his journey, Cai’s idea for a different graduation gift to himself began to take shape. “I did not know beforehand what the journey would mean to me. I just want to gain a unique experience and have pleasure in appreciating the view there,” he said.
It turned out cycling on a plateau (高原) was extremely challenging. And it has kept changing his view on life. Cai’s fingers even became frostbitten while cycling up a 5008-metre-high mountain, where temperatures often dropped to 18 below zero. At night, the ice covered the road and he fell off his bike three times. The lack of oxygen made him feel dizzy and weak. “At the most serious moment, I felt that my life was on the line,” said Cai.
However, he also gained something unexpected. At Ya’an, a city in Sichuan, he met a group of tourists who are also university students. A girl called Wu Ling told him that she planned to work as a teacher in a primary school in Tibet after her journey. He was impressed by the idea as she looked thin and weak.
It was not until he reached a family-run hotel in Shigats e that Cai’s spirits began to rise. The hotel manager’s two daughters enjoyed talking with him. The kids asked about his experiences on his trip, and showed him the beautiful local lakes. “They told me that they always liked to talk to guests, as they wanted to improve their Mandarin,” he said. “Their parents and many locals can only speak Tibetan. ”
Cai was touched by the girls’story. Their situation is tough and the local people have little chance to learn Mandarin because the schools are short of teachers. “I want to do something to improve the situation for kids like them,” said Cai. His parents finally gave their agreement and his teachers also supported him.
1. According to the passage, Cai Kaiyuan’s graduation gift to himself is ______.| A．to have money for a deposit on a house | B．to travel by cycling from Sichuan to Tibet |
| C．to own a new car and marry a slim girl | D．to work as a volunteer teacher in a Tibetan school |
| A．Unique and pleasant. | B．Freezing cold and boring. |
| C．Challenging but rewarding. | D．Relaxing but unexpected. |
| A．making a phone call | B．at risk |
| C．very hopeless | D．very painful |
| A．tell us about an unusual graduation gift | B．introduce a dangerous journey to us |
| C．give advice on how to travel to Tibet | D．encourage us to be a teacher in Tibet |
【推荐3】Will I ever make a friend here? I thought, standing in the crowd waiting for the elevator at the end of a long workday. I had just recently moved to California to become an editor for a newspaper, but I hadn’t made any close connections at the office. Some days I wished I were still in Ohio. Never in my life had I lived so far from Mom and Dad, even in college. Adjusting to my new job 2,500 miles away was difficult. I missed having people I could depend on nearby.
The closest I’d come was trading friendly hellos with a middle-aged woman who always left around the same time as I did. Her West Coast style really stood out to me: bright-colored tops with long flowery skirts. Next to her, in my drab pantsuit, I looked as out of place as I felt.
In the crowded elevator, a mark on one man’s briefcase caught my eyes. Three letters: OSU. Ohio State University? I almost said something, but who talks in crowded elevators? “Is that for Ohio State?” another man asked. “Yep,” the man answered. A chain reaction followed. Everyone in the elevator shared their alma mater. “I went to Ohio University in Athens, my hometown,” I said timidly (胆怯地). The woman in the flowery skirt said immediately, “Me too. Of course, that was almost 25 years ago. My mother also went there 25 years ago,” I said. “My name’s Carol,” the woman said. “What is your mother’s maiden name?” “Marion Lavelle,” I answered. “Marion?
Marion and I were classmates. You look like her when she was younger, Carol said.
When my parents came to town for a visit, the old classmates were finally reunited. Carol looked after me during my years in California like my second mother, and before long I was dressing in a bit of West Coast style too.
1. How did the author feel in the new workplace?| A．Lonely. | B．Curious. | C．Confused. | D．Excited. |
| A．her pronunciation | B．her dressing style |
| C．her working schedule | D．her performance at work |
| A．People’s hometowns. | B．People’s future plans. |
| C．People’s old schools. | D．People’s dream universities. |
| A．A small space unites us all. | B．Blood is thicker than water. |
| C．Small talk can bring us closer. | D．Talks are a cure for homesickness. |
【推荐1】Roughly 2,000 years ago, Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. In 1752, workers digging in Herculaneum uncovered a home that had belonged to a rich person. Inside, workers discovered over 600 scrolls (卷轴) , most of which were made from papyrus — a paper-like material.
The heat from the volcano had burned the scrolls so much that they looked like chunks of charcoal (木炭块) . These scrolls were so fragile that just touching them could make them fall apart. So scientists have been looking for ways to read the scrolls without opening them. Brent Seales, a computer scientist at Kentucky University, has been working on this for over 20 years.
Dr. Seales has developed a method of using a CT scanner to take 3D X-ray images of a papyrus scroll. Then he uses a computer program to "unroll" the scroll, and gets pictures of what it looks like on the inside. In 2016, his team used this method to read a burned scroll found near the Dead Sea. But the ink in the scrolls from Herculaneum was made from charcoal and water and didn't show up well in CT scans. So he decided to train an AI program, hoping to find the writing on the scrolls by looking for places where the papyrus was rougher.
Though Dr. Seales was making progress, it was slow going. Then he encountered two businessmen, who had the idea of creating a contest for decoding (破译) the scrolls. The contest, called the Vesuvius Challenge, was announced in March. About 1,500 people have participated in the contest and they're sharing information as they make progress. In August, Casey Handmer found a pattern that revealed where the ink had been on the scrolls.
Following Mr. Handmer's lead, Luke Farritor, a 21-year-old student at Nebraska University, created an AI program that found a whole word: “
”, or “porphyras” which means “purple”. This was the first word ever read from these ancient scrolls. For his efforts, Mr. Handmer won $10,000.
“Now it is time to explore these words,” Dr. Seales says.
1. What is paragraph 1 intended to show about the scrolls?| A．Their features. | B．Their creation process. |
| C．Their source. | D．Their historic value. |
| A．The CT scanner couldn't work well for all scrolls. |
| B．The materials of the Herculaneum scrolls were rare. |
| C．An AI program is the most useful in decoding the scrolls. |
| D．Seales went to the Dead Sea to search for decoding methods. |
| A．To share scroll-reading technologies. | B．To develop ways to write on the scrolls. |
| C．To push researchers to study AI. | D．To attract people to explore the scrolls. |
| A．Reading Burned Ancient Scrolls Without Opening Them |
| B．Organizing an International Contest to Write Scrolls |
| C．Developing Technology to Help Appreciate Scrolls |
| D．Unearthing Many Ancient Scrolls in Herculaneum |
【推荐2】Wang Fang, a Suzhou native, has given her heart and soul to Kunqu Opera. Wang, who has twice won the Plum Performance Award-China’s top award for theater and opera performances — started to learn the traditional art form from a young age.
Born with a sweet voice, Wang loved to sing and dance and was selected by the Suzhou Kunqu Opera Troupe when she was in middle school. However, her parents refused the troupe’s invitation, insisting that she should concentrate on her studies. After members of the troupe visited the parents repeatedly, Wang’s parents finally agreed.
Learning the traditional art form was never easy, she started to learn how to pronounce words, sing them lyrically and make gestures gently. At first, she had to spend extra time practicing kung fu movements. Years later, Wang used the word “unimaginable” to describe how hard the days were when she first learned Kunqu. She was soaked (浸泡) in sweat when practicing movements in summer, while in winter she often had chilblains (冻疮) on her hands. “But I was determined at the time. No matter how difficult, I always got up early the next morning to practice,” Wang recalls.
Wang says she did not love Kunqu at first, but in her early 20s, when she watched the show Peony Pavilion performed by Zhang Jiqing, a master of the art form, it clicked. “I was shocked,” Wang says. “Her every movement was full of elegance. Each of her lines and songs was perfect. I was struck by the beauty of Kunqu for the first time, and it has stayed with me since.”
“I always believe that ‘Not everything is meant to be, but everything is worth a try.’ First you must be a dreamer, then a doer, and only then can you be a master. I believe in this order — that it should be this way and that I am this way.” Wang once said in an interview. Now, Wang has become a master of Kunqu. Her performances have impressed generations of audiences and helped to promote the art form among young people.
1. Why didn’t Wang Fang join the Suzhou Kunqu Opera Troupe at first?| A．Traditional art form was too difficult and hard for her. |
| B．She saw no future in learning Kunqu Opera. |
| C．Her parents wanted her to focus on her studies. |
| D．She showed little interest and talent in art. |
| A．Wang made great efforts in learning Kunqu. |
| B．Wang gained various skills in her hard work. |
| C．Wang made great achievements in developing Kunqu. |
| D．Wang was good at learning art and succeeded easily. |
| A．The desire to win the Plum Performance Award. |
| B．The encouragement from her family members. |
| C．A master’s wonderful performance. |
| D．Her hard training and practice. |
| A．It is never too late to learn. |
| B．If you want to go up high, then use your legs. |
| C．Experience is the mother of wisdom. |
| D．Don’t judge a book by its cover. |
【推荐3】William Lindesay has been interested in the Great Wall of China since seeing it in a school atlas（地图册）as a child in England. I vividly recall seeing in the " Oxford School Atlas" the Great Wall with its battlement symbol. From that moment, I had in my mind that when I grew up I'd go to China and walk along the Great Wall from end to end.
Lindesay's about 3 ,000-km solo run along the Great Wall began in 1987. Running the length of the wall was a brave expedition, venturing into sparsely populated regions where there was little chance of help if the runner had an accident. During another trip, Lindesay and his team ventured deep into the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. The explorers almost died from dehydration(脱水） . In total, Lindesay estimates in an interview that he has spent about 1,600 days of his life, or four full years, on the Great Wall in all seasons.
Lindesay and his wife, Wu Qi, whom he got to know and fell in love with during his trips in China, had a farmhouse at the foot of the wall. During his exploration, he noticed some sections of the wall were badly damaged and covered with litter. Modernization and development were making the situation even worse. "Some people say it will take generations to change; I say we don't have generations of time. It's got to be much quicker, " he said. Lindesay always carries a garbage bag with him in the wilderness, picking litter along the way. Lindesay uses a garbage bag as his calling card. The cloth bag bears a set of nine simple guidelines in Chinese, which calls on people to observe while traveling or camping outdoors : "Take your own garbage home" "Pick up? litter left by othersDon't damage plants or flowers, or pick fruit" and lots more.
1. What sparked William Lindesay's dream of exploring the Great Wall?| A．Seeing a movie about the Great Wall. |
| B．Experiencing a war for the Great Wall. |
| C．Surfing a website about the Great Wall. |
| D．Admiring the Great Wall in the school atlas. |
| A．Remotely. | B．Rarely. |
| C．Frequently. | D．Largely. |
| A．The destroyed ecosystems. | B．Waste caused by farms. |
| C．The increasing tourists. | D．Modernization and development. |
| A．Strong - willed and selfless. | B．Determined and grateful. |
| C．Warmhearted and impolite. | D．Considerate and optimistic. |
【推荐1】A painting stamped with more than 4.8 million fingerprints and cost over 80, 000 yuan in paper has set the Guinness World Record for the largest fingerprint painting.
The fingerprint painting, named Descendants of the Dragon, was created by Kuang Xianpeng, a 35-year-old painter from Zhuzhou, Hunan Province. It describes a mix of nine Chinese dragons and six arts in ancient Chinese culture.
With a surface area of 1195. 14 square meters, 51. 526 meters long and 23. 195 meters wide, the whole painting used 685 pieces of xuan paper and took Kuang over two years to complete. It also took 40 volunteers two whole days to lay out the painting for Guinness certification officer to measure.
Kuang said it was a very arduous journey, and he had used up all his spare time to finish the work. “It was very hard to master the amount of strength you put in your fingers, ” he said. “You can’t press too hard or too light. Otherwise, your prints will blur. I have wasted over 300 pieces of paper due to blurred fingerprints. ”
The Guinness certification officer Luo Qiong said this world record wasn’t easy to earn. She said each fingerprint must be clear, the painting must have more than four different colors, and the distance between each fingerprint mustn’t be more than 1 centimeter.
The world record for this category had been broken 15 times since 2014, with the previous one set by an Indian with a work measuring 1, 188 square meters.
Before this painting, Kuang had spent 14 years in drawing a pen-and-ink painting of 247 meters long and 1. 6 meters wide, telling stories of historical myths. He also said he would never stop exploring more creative works.
1. What can we know about the painting created by Kuang Xianpeng?| A．It’s worth at least 80, 000 yuan. |
| B．It measures 1, 188 square meters. |
| C．It took him 14 years to complete it. |
| D．It consists of over 4.8 million fingerprints. |
| A．Difficult. | B．Satisfying. |
| C．Thrilling. | D．Frightening. |
| A．The colors of paints. |
| B．The amount of strength. |
| C．The quality of xuan paper. |
| D．The distance of fingerprints. |
| A．He is full of creativity. |
| B．He is full of imagination. |
| C．He is very courageous. |
| D．He is rich in experience. |
【推荐2】Why are pandas covering themselves with horse droppings? Researchers in China spent a decade studying this question. It really is something that some mammals will do in the Qinling Mountains in China. The pandas nose out fresh horse droppings, lay themselves down and roll their bodies in the dung(粪便).
The behavior may help pandas tolerate cold temperatures because a compound in horsedung, the researchers propose in the paper published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, may help make pandas less sensitive to cold. “There are all kinds of reasons you want to stay away from dung.” Dr. Bowie said. She added that if they really are doing this, there must be “a clear fitness benefit”.
Field observations revealed that wild bears also seemed to smear themselves with horse droppings, preferentially engaging with dung during the cooler fall and winter months.
A chemical analysis of the dung revealed two compounds called sesquiterpenes(倍半萜烯), which are commonly found in plants. Further lab experiments showed the sesquiterpenes were gumming up(破坏)a type of cold-sensing protein for pandas and many other animals, including humans. “In theory, these chemicals, when applied topically like an ointment, might temporarily help pandas tolerate cold,” Dr. Wei, who was involved in the study said. “It's still unclear whether other animals might also cover themselves in dung for warmth.”
Isaac Chiu, a neuroscientist at Harvard University, praised the team's work, but added that the sesquiterpenes the researchers found in horsedung can do far more than weaken an animal’s ability to sense cold.
1. What’s special about pandas' behavior?| A．Pandas eat horsedung. |
| B．Pandas roll their bodies for fun. |
| C．Pandas wash horsedung off their bodies. |
| D．Pandas defend against cold with horsedung. |
| A．Cover. | B．Involve. | C．Content. | D．Surround. |
| A．Dr Wei was in charge of the study. |
| B．Sesquiterpenes can help pandas bear cold. |
| C．Many animals also coat themselves with dung. |
| D．Sesquiterpenes are commonly found in animals. |
| A．Unwilling. | B．Tolerant. | C．Positive. | D．Carefree. |
【推荐3】From whale watching to shopping, the activities are as varied as the scenery along Queensland’s Great Sunshine Way.
Day 1
Morning
The Sunshine Way begins in Queensland’s Gold Coast. Start the day with a visit to one of the Gold Coast’s world-class theme parks. Then see stunt (特技) shows at Warner Bros Movie World. You can also jump on exciting rides and visit the new Lego Store at Dreamworld.
Afternoon
While the drive to Brisbane only takes an hour, enjoy a trip inland into the Gold Coast hinterland and explore the rainforest hikes and waterfalls in Tamborine, Lamington and Springbrook national parks.
Day 2
Morning
Wake early to climb Brisbane’s famous Story Bridge, where you can see the sun rise over the city. From the top, you’ll be rewarded with full views over the snaking river, out to Moreton Bay in the east and the green hills of the Scenic Rim to the west.
Afternoon
Drive 144 kilometers north to Noosa. Hastings Street is thick with designer fashion stores and impressive restaurants. Explore one of the walking trails that run through Noosa National Park. The Coastal Track is a popular choice. Look out for dolphins and whales between May and November.
Day3
Morning
Continue 185 kilometers north, through the gold rush towns of Gympie and Maryborough to the whale watching capital of the world, Hervey Bay. About 10,000 humpback whales visit it every year, making it the best place to see the ocean giants up close.
Afternoon
From River Heads, catch a 50-minute ferry to the world’s largest island completely made of sand, Fraser Island. Alternatively, continue 110 kilometers north to Bundaberg. Then travel just east of the city to Mon Repos Beach in time for the sunset.
1. What can visitors do in the morning during the 3-day trip?| A．See special shows. | B．Walk around an island. |
| C．Explore the rainforest hikes. | D．Visit several theme parks. |
| A．On the first afternoon. | B．On the second morning. |
| C．On the second afternoon. | D．On the third afternoon. |
| A．Mon Repos Beach. | B．The Coastal Track. |
| C．Moreton Bay. | D．Hervey Bay. |
【推荐1】Erik Kobayashi-Solomon spent a day with Dr. Paul Gauthier, a plant physiologist specializing in vertical farming research and came away with several important ideas about vertical farming.
Humans have 12,000 years of experience growing food, but only a generation or so worth of experience growing crops indoors. We are still progressing up the technology learning curve (学习曲线). What's more, traditional farming techniques are based on conditions that are not applicable to vertical farming. Therefore, without taking time to understand the science, vertical farming is not likely to be able to live up to its implied promises.
The cost of powering LED grow lights is one of the biggest problems a vertical farm must overcome. Dr. Louis Albright at Cornell has characterized vertical farms as " pie-in-the-sky" businesses. He famously calculates, for instance, that the cost of a loaf of bread would be $ 24 if farmed indoors — the cost is too high. Gauthier acknowledges that energy prices are high but points out that scientific work has shown that only about 6% of available sunlight is used in crop photosynthesis (光合作用), so there may be ways of growing the same plants with less light.
Gauthier also points out that while energy costs are a bit high, vertical farming does create high efficiencies in other areas. Water usage may be significantly reduced because the same water can be recycled time and again. Fertilizer use can be greatly reduced and pesticides for pest control are unnecessary. It's clear that vertical farming offers real value to society.
The future is probably mixed. In some environments — the Middle East, for instance — a move to vertical farming is a no-brainer. An indoor farm in Saudi Arabia, for instance, can use solar energy to power LEDs at low cost without shading out other farmland. In other geographies, though, the expense of establishing a facility places a high bar on growth and profitability. A large vertical fanning and equipment operation only started generating a small profit eight years into its nine-year life.
1. What can we infer about vertical farming in Paragraph 2?| A．It will replace traditional farming one day. |
| B．It relies on research of more basic science. |
| C．It can be applicable on different conditions. |
| D．It actually came into being 12,000 years ago. |
| A．They use less light than traditional ones. |
| B．They may seem very unlikely to succeed. |
| C．They can overcome many problems in farming. |
| D．They do not need any natural sunlight any longer. |
| A．The ways of reducing costs of vertical fanning. |
| B．The secrets of developing vertical farming. |
| C．The recent trend of vertical farming. |
| D．The benefits of vertical farming. |
| A．To show vertical fanning can work well in some places. |
| B．To prove solar energy is vital for farming in Saudi Arabia. |
| C．To confirm the expense of setting up a vertical farm is high. |
| D．To argue vegetables do not need to be imported any longer. |
【推荐2】When you're struggling to finish a term paper, preparing a big presentation or studying for final exams, sleep might be the first thing you sacrifice so you have time to get all the work done. To make up for it , you might start drinking coffee to help you study late into the night. But there's bad news if you're trying to keep that kind of schedule for more than a couple of days.
"We were particularly surprised that the performance advantage invested by two daily 200-milligram doses (剂量)of caffeine was lost after lack of sleep for three nights, " lead author Tracy Jill Doty said in a statement. "These results are important, because caffeine is widely used to deal with performance decline following periods of lack of sleep. The data from this study suggests that the same effective daily dose of caffeine is unable to prevent performance decline over many days of lack of sleep. "
The sample size was very small (48 people), so we can't think everyone will respond the same way. Those 48 people slept five hours per night for five nights straight. They got a caffeine dose equal to a large cup of coffee around 8 am and another around 12 pm each day. For the first two days, the people who got caffeine were performing better on attention and reaction tests. But by the third day, the caffeine was no longer helping them perform any better than the people who didn't get any caffeine.
Increasing the caffeine dose may have changed that. "But the more caffeine you consume, the more negative side affects you feel," Doty said. "This work goes along with lots of other work showing that the negative effects of lacking sleep are difficult to overcome. This is true even with a heavy daily dose of caffeine.
1. Who will be the intended reader of the text?| A．Educators. | B．Students. |
| C．Adults. | D．Officials. |
| A．By listing examples. |
| B．By reasoning. |
| C．By analyzing results |
| D．By arguing |
| A．Caffeine fails to perform better over an extended time. |
| B．Increasing caffeine can promote one's performance. |
| C．Drinking too much coffee might lead to sleep loss. |
| D．Caffeine doesn't prevent performance decline at all. |
| A．Coffee: Sleep Loss. |
| B．Coffee: Performance Increase. |
| C．Enough Sleep Makes Coffee Work. |
| D．The More Coffee, the Worse Effects. |
【推荐3】As we often see on TV and magazines, flamingos are beautiful birds with bright pink or red color. Although its name includes “flame”, they are gentle ones. You might think that not much goes on in their tiny heads, but these elegant birds actually lead complex social lives. Each bird has certain other individuals it prefers to spend time with, and others it avoids. In deed, flamingos have friends.
For five years, Rose and his team observed the daily goings-on of five of the world’s six different flamingo species housed at the WWT Slimbridge Wetland Centre in Gloucestershire.
The partnerships that we see between birds are picky. The birds are choosing who to associate with. Male-female pairs spend time together, but so do same-sex pairs and even groups of three or four. And those relationships can last for many years.
“So there were some flamingos in the group that really didn’t care who their partner was for that day, they would fly lightly around... and they would have many different relationships with many different birds.” And of course there were other flamingos that were less social butterfly and more alone wolf. But even they had a few close friends. “Those birds that were least social...had more investment in a smaller number of social connection with flamingos that they knew really well.”
Rose thinks that flamingos may have evolved their social lives due to their wetland habitats-in which the resources they need are concentrated in a small area.
If flamingos know their partners, if they know that these six birds, say, are friendly, and they get on with them, they can then waste less energy quarreling with other birds that they don’t get on with.
By spending time with their friends, flamingos can more efficiently direct their limited time and energy to activities like hunting and mating.
1. What do we know about flamingos?| A．They are very elegant birds with big heads. |
| B．They make friends with other flamingos they like. |
| C．Male flamingos only play with female ones. |
| D．They usually change partners every couple of months. |
| A．Most flamingos don’t care who their partner is. |
| B．Flamingos always don’t have close friends. |
| C．A majority of flamingos are good at social activities. |
| D．Some flamingos would fly around to find different friends. |
| A．Various characters. | B．Different connections. |
| C．Limited resources. | D．Nice partners. |
| A．Flamingos Can Be Particular About Company |
| B．Rose And His Research on Wildlife |
| C．How to Protect the Endangered Flamingos |
| D．Why do Flamingos Need Partners |
