In the 1990s and 2000s, Costa Rica and Panama experienced a rise in malaria(疟疾) cases. The massive loss of amphibians (两栖动物) in the region from a fungal (真菌的) disease may have contributed to the malaria increase.
The spread of the fungal disease was a slow-motion disaster, leading to a decades-long wave of amphibian declines globally. From the 1980s to the 2000s, the wave moved from northwest to southeast across Costa Rica and Panama. An analysis of ecological surveys, public health records and satellite data suggests a link between the amphibian die-offs and an increase in human malaria cases.
On average, each county had 0.8 to 1.1 additional cases of malaria per 1,000 people per year for about six years, beginning several years after the amphibian losses, Michael Springborn, an environmental economist of the University of California, Davis, and colleagues found.
Springborn and colleagues wondered if the impacts that the fungal disease has on the decline of at least 500 species globally stretched to humans. The team turned to Costa Rica and Panama, where the fungus moved through ecosystems in a somewhat uniform way along the narrow area of land on which the two countries sit, Springborn says. The researchers worked out when the fungus arrived at a given place and then looked at the number of malaria cases in those places before and after the die-offs. Malaria cases rose in the first couple of years after the decline and remained high for six years or so before going down again for unknown reasons.
Studies on the connections between biodiversity loss and health might “help motivate conservation by highlighting the direct benefits of conservation to human well-being,” says Hillary Young, a community ecologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara. “Humans are causing wildlife to be lost at a rate similar to that of other major mass extinction events,” she says. “We are increasingly aware that these losses can have major impacts on human health and well-being- and, in particular, on risk of infectious disease.”
1. What directly brought about the rise in malaria cases?A.The extinction of fungus. | B.The death of amphibians. |
C.The spread of a fungal disease. | D.The lack of wildlife conservation. |
A.The number of amphibians dropped dramatically. |
B.The fungus has little impact on human well-being. |
C.The county’s population multiplied after the amphibian decline. |
D.Malaria cases show relevant changes when amphibians became fewer. |
A.By studying the features of the fungus. |
B.By comparing the number of malaria cases. |
C.By finding out the track of fungus’ movement. |
D.By working out the reason for the amphibian die-offs. |
A.Humans should keep wildlife at a distance. |
B.Humans cause the major mass extinction events. |
C.Human well-being is closely connected with wildlife. |
D.Human health has no relationship with conservation. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Depression can be harmful to those affected by the disease,but the pain it causes doesn’t end there.
Know the symptoms
Be sympathetic
The most important thing is to be sympathetic.
Talk to your physician and share what’s going on and ask what they suggest. It won’t be the first time they have heard this, and they have resources that will be helpful. For the friend or loved one, the best thing to offer is your understanding and a sense of hope. Let them know that, they will start to feel better and see things differently once they seek help and undergo treatment.
Support them through treatment
It can be helpful to point out that depression is not a personal problem or weakness of character but it’s a medical condition that responds to treatment, just like most other medical problems. And help your loved one stick with treatment.
A.Seek your own support |
B.Ask doctors about your symptoms |
C.Friends and loved ones are affected, too |
D.The first step is to recognize that he or she may be depressed |
E.Those with depression are at increased risk of harming themselves |
F.It may take several weeks before the patient sees signs of improvement |
G.Do not suggest in any way a sense of surprise that this person is depressed |
【推荐2】According to a recent study, a new genetically modified rice can prevent infections of HIV, the virus responsible for the disease AIDS.
The study reports the newly-developed rice produces proteins that attach directly to the HIV virus. This process prevents the virus from mixing with human cells. The scientists say it can remove the effect of the virus and block its spreading.
The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS reports that worldwide, nearly 37 million people were living with HIV in 2017. The organization says the largest number of those are in developing countries. Nearly two-thirds of HIV cases are in Africa. Now there is no cure for HIV/AIDS though there have been developments in oral drug treatments to slow the progression of the disease.
The new study predicts the rice-based method will lead to long-term use of the anti-HIV treatment across the developing world. Researchers said the “groundbreaking” discovery is “realistically the only way” that anti-HIV combination treatments can be produced at a cost low enough for the developing world.
They say the easiest and most cost-effective way to use the rice will be to make it into a cream to be put on the skin. The HIV-fighting proteins can then enter the body through the skin. People all over the world could grow the rice and make the cream themselves. This would prevent the cost and travel required for many patients to receive treatments and medicine.
The process of changing the genetic structure of food crops has been debated for some time. Critics of genetically engineered crops believe they can harm people. The scientific team says further testing is needed to ensure that the genetic engineering process does not produce any additional chemicals that could be dangerous to people.
1. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3?A.Stress the urgency of HIV treatments. |
B.Provide some data about HIV. |
C.Remind readers of HIV prevention. |
D.Introduce HIV to the public. |
A.By transforming it into proteins. | B.By adding it to an oral drug. |
C.By attaching it to the HIV virus. | D.By processing it into a cream. |
A.It can prevent infections of HIV. | B.It can produce dangerous chemicals. |
C.It still requires perfecting. | D.It applies to the developed world. |
A.A biology textbook. | B.A health magazine. |
C.A social webpage. | D.A first aid brochure. |
【推荐3】I was diagnosed with throat cancer (被诊断为喉癌) and met with the doctor.
“You’ll probably need a feeding tube (管子). Most people lose weight during treatment. You only weigh 145 pounds. It’s dangerous if you drop below 130 pounds during treatment.”
I said, “You can’t imagine how much I’ll hate a feeding tube. I’ll make myself eat.”
The doctor replied, “But when you have second-degree radiation burns inside your esophagus (食道), you won’t be able to make yourself eat. How old are you, 64? Your blood pressure’s 82/60, and your heart rate is 52. Those numbers are great for any age.”
His assistant (助手) Jana said, “I believe you run. How long have you been running?”
“All my life. Rain or snow, hot or cold, I ran. I ran when it hurt and when it didn’t.”
“I’ll make myself eat. How bad can it be? I can stand anything for five minutes,” I told the doctor.
Three weeks later, I could hardly walk. I missed running, but the treatment took away my strength.
Two months later, the doctor said, “The treatment went really well. It was easy for you because you’re a runner. You started treatment in great condition, and you have a high level of pain tolerance (忍耐力). This treatment is harder on most people.”
Jana checked my weight after the last treatment. “138 pounds.1 remember you run. Good for you,” she said.
I said, “I can run, can’t I?”
“Whenever you’re ready.”
I promised myself I’d be running in two months, but it didn’t work out the way I wanted. I walked my first mile a month after the last treatment and added a 10th of a mile every day after that. Three months after treatment, I ran three miles without stopping. At mile two, I realized I was going to finish and started to cry. It was a dusty day, and there was dust on my face. I walked in the house. My wife took one look at me and shouted, “Are you okay? I’ll call for a doctor.”
“I’m fine. I ran the whole three miles. I never thought I’d be able to do that again.”
1. How did the author respond when the doctor suggested a feeding tube?A.He refused to use it. |
B.He found it a bit dangerous. |
C.He doubted it would be helpful to him. |
D.He said it was unacceptable to old people. |
A.He took up running to lose weight. |
B.He kept running whatever happened. |
C.He decided to run every day although he hated it. |
D.He found it difficult to keep running as he aged. |
A.It was very successful. | B.It brought him little pain. |
C.It was rather hard on him. | D.It took more time than expected. |
A.He realized it was impossible for him to run fast. |
B.He got badly injured and experienced great pain. |
C.He was certain that he would lead the race. |
D.He was excited that he could run like before. |
【推荐1】When a dog barks and nothing is there, why is it barking? Only the dogs know for sure!
Recent research shows that the domesticating of dogs began between 20,000—40,000 years ago. At that period of time, dogs have learned how to understand large vocabularies, complex sentences, and up to 1,000 words if trained properly. Like us, dogs use verbal and nonverbal cues to communicate. For dogs, barking is a completely normal behavior—it’s one of the most effective ways dogs know how to communicate with their owners.
Dogs rarely bark for no reason. Experts in animal behavior say that a dog’s bark is often trying to tell you or another creature something. Just what they’re trying to communicate can be quite a puzzle, but some common messages are: “Come on, let’s play!” “Is that the kid’s school bus I hear?” or even “The mail carrier is here!”—and then when the carrier leaves, “I have protected our home once again. You’re welcome.” They use barking to communicate a variety of feelings, so in order to fully understand what a dog is communicating, pet parents need to contextualize a dog’s verbal cues within their nonverbal cues.
There are many more reasons why dogs bark aside from these common barking situations that you’ll likely encounter. The key to understanding your dog’s barking is to look at their body language and then for the reasons causing the bark. If your dog’s barking is a problem, a vet or dog trainer may be able to help you teach your dog the “rules” that your family wants it to follow. Otherwise, just as you may not understand your dog’s barking, your dog may not understand your barking—in people talk.
1. What is the passage mainly about?A.A research on dogs’ barking. | B.The reasons for dogs’ barking. |
C.The ways to understand dogs’ barking. | D.The problems of dogs’ barking. |
A.By carrying out research. | B.By considering the environment. |
C.By analyzing their body language. | D.By communicating with other owners. |
A.Teach dogs rules personally. | B.Look for the reasons. |
C.Abandon dogs immediately. | D.Turn to professionals for help. |
【推荐2】BBYY, as the adult female was known, made a wild dash of more than 388 kilometers in 49 days—the longest distance ever recorded among hares, rabbits or any other relatives—researchers report online December 22 in Ecology.
“To think that such a small animal living under such extreme conditions averaged about eight kilometers per day across seven weeks is truly amazing,” says Joel Berger, a scientist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins.
Arctic hares, also known as North-Pole hares—which weigh more or less the same as house cats, about four kilograms—are desirable targets for foxes and wolves on the tundra (苔原). Given the hares’ important role in the Arctic food chain, scientist Dominique Berteaux wanted to know how the animals move across the dry landscape where very few plants can grow.
In 2019, Berteaux and colleagues fixed satellite tracking rings on 25 hares caught near the northern tip of Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. As the hares quickly ran away, the researchers had no idea the creatures were beginning a mind-blowing journey across the tundra, Berteaux says. That’s because hares and their relatives, typically spend their lives within a familiar area where food is plentiful and easy to find.
The Arctic hares behaved quite differently, with most traveling anywhere between 113 and 310 kilometers. None came close to BBYY, who died of unknown causes about a month after reaching her final destination.
For a hare to complete such a dangerous journey, it must balance the need to find food without becoming food, says Dennis Murray, a scientist. That makes BBYY’s adventure even more impressive, he says.
Berteaux and colleagues hope data from BBYY and the other hares can help shape conservation strategies for the desert system near the North Pole. But even at this early stage, it’s exciting to find “something unknown in an animal that we thought we knew quite well,” Berteaux says.
1. Why did Berteaux and colleagues do research on Arctic hares?A.Because of their amazing ability to travel a long distance. |
B.Because of their weighing more or less the same as house cats. |
C.Because of their important role in the Arctic food chain. |
D.Because of their extreme living conditions. |
A.Amazing. | B.Challenging. | C.Demanding. | D.Upsetting. |
A.BBYY was an adult male with the longest distance record among hares. |
B.BBYY died of tiredness from traveling the longest distance. |
C.BBYY, like other Arctic hares, typically lived within a familiar area. |
D.BBYY managed to balance the need to find food without becoming food. |
A.The findings of Berteaux and colleagues are good for nothing. |
B.The findings of Berteaux and colleagues just confirm what people believe about hares. |
C.Berteaux and colleagues have discovered an unknown species—Arctic hares. |
D.Berteaux and colleagues will go on with their research on Arctic hares. |
【推荐3】Covid-19 is not the only catastrophe that 2020 has brought. In parts of Asia and east Africa, swarms(成群)of locusts(蝗虫)have destroyed fields. Locusts are usually inoffensive, spread-out creatures that do not stay far from the place where they were born. But under the right circumstances, that is, a heavy rain and a following boom in plant growth, they can be gregarious. Millions of the insects gather in swarms which can fly more than 100km in a day.
In a paper published in Nature, Xiaojiao Gou and a group of other researchers clarify part of the biochemical system that drives that transformation. Dr Gou and her colleagues collected 35 chemicals acquired from the bodies and wastes of locusts. When tested, locusts were strongly attracted to just a chemical, one called 4-vinylanisole (4VA). Scientists already know that swarming is a response to overcrowding, and Dr Gou and her colleagues found that 4VA production rose with population enlargement. Further investigation confirmed the odour receptor (气味受体)on the insects' antennae(触角)is sensitive to the chemical.
Humans have tried everything they can to deal with locust swarms, with mixed results. Man-made version of 4VA might be used to bait(诱捕)traps. If 4VA turns out to be a language that all locusts understand, then it may help humans persuade them to abandon their gregarious ways, and return to a peaceable life of being alone.
1. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Flexible. | B.Starved. |
C.Aggressive. | D.Gathering. |
A.Locusts can release 35 chemicals from their bodies. |
B.4VA is one of the chemicals strongly attracting locusts. |
C.4VA will be produced more when locusts' number increases. |
D.The transformation of locusts affects the biochemical system. |
A.Humans have got the methods of killing locusts. |
B.Man-made version of 4VA will be introduced to market. |
C.Scientists have had a new breakthrough to transform locusts' habitats. |
D.It remains to be proved whether 4VA is a language that locusts understand. |
A.The harm caused by locust swarms. |
B.The ways to prevent locust swarms. |
C.The process of locusts' transformation. |
D.The finding of 4VA attracting locust swarms. |
【推荐1】Is it OK for children to count on their fingers? Generations of pupils have been discouraged by their teachers from using their hands when learning maths. But a new research article published in Frontiers in Education shows using fingers may be a very important part of maths learning.
The article, by Professor Tim Jay of Sheffield Hallam University and independent researcher Dr Julie Betenson, substantiates what parents have long felt -- that the finger games children often play at home are central to their education.
The researchers worked with 137 primary pupils aged between six and seven. All the children were given different combinations of counting and number games to play -- but only some were given exercises which involved finger-training. Some pupils played games involving number symbols, such as dominoes, shut-the-box, or snakes and ladders. Other pupils were asked to play finger games, such as being asked to hold up a given number of fingers, or numbering fingers from 1 to 5 and then having to match one of them by touching it against the corresponding(对应) finger on the other hand, or following coloured lines using a particular finger. Both these groups did a little better in maths tests than a third group of pupils who had simply had 'business as usual' with their teachers. But the group which did both the counting and the finger games performed far better.
This study provides evidence that fingers provide children with a “bridge” between different representations of numbers, which can be verbal, written or symbolic. Combined finger training and number games could be a useful tool for teachers to support children's understanding of numbers.
1. How did the author introduce the topic of the text?A.By providing evidence | B.By raising a question |
C.By giving an example | D.By making comparisons |
A.supports | B.changes |
C.ignores | D.advertises |
A.It is carried out by two university professors |
B.Its research subjects are mostly pre-school children |
C.It is based on the comparison of two groups of children |
D.Its findings should draw the attention of math teachers. |
A.Boring | B.Foolish |
C.Helpful | D.Unique |
【推荐2】Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child or even an animal, such as a dolphin can learn to recognize faces.
We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels make that person different from others.
Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a “nice person” , you might begin to think about someone who was kind , considerate , friendly , warm and so on.
There are many words to describe how a person thinks , feels and acts.Gordon Allport , an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior.And many of us use this information as a basis for describing or typing his personality.
People have always tried to “type” each other.Actors in early Greek drama (戏剧)wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’ (坏人)or the hero’s role.In fact , the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin , meaning “mask” .Today , most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “ good guys” from the “bad guy” because the two types differ in appearance as well as behaviors.
1. Why does the author mention the fingerprints in Paragraph 1 ?A.To make people learn to recognize faces. |
B.To show people have different personalities. |
C.To describe the features of fingerprints. |
D.To explain people differ in facial features. |
A.The ancient Greek audience. | B.The movie actors. |
C.Psychologists. | D.The modern TV audience. |
A.People differ in behavioral and physical characteristics. |
B.Human fingerprints provide unique information. |
C.People’s behavior can be easily described in words. |
D.Human faces have complex features. |
A.Why is it necessary to identify people’s personality? |
B.Why is it possible to describe people? |
C.How to get to know people? |
D.How to recognize people best? |
【推荐3】We’re all familiar with songs getting stuck in our head while we’re awake, but it turns out this can happen during sleep as well. A new study investigating the phenomenon indicates that earworms invading(侵入)our brains at night could cause problems in getting to sleep and staying asleep.
“Our brains continue to process music even when none is playing, including apparently while we are asleep,” says Michael Scullin.
He and his colleagues used surveys of 199 people, as well as a sleep lab test involving 50 volunteers, to measure how listening to music before bedtime affects sleep. In particular, the team focused on catchy earworms.
Earworms were reported throughout the night by participants, with those catching an earworm taking longer to fall asleep, spending more time in the light stages of sleep, and waking up more times during the night. Surprisingly, the instrumental versions of the songs caused about twice as many earworms and more subsequent sleep problems than the versions with vocal(声乐)
“We thought that people would have earworms at bedtime when they were trying to fall asleep, but we certainly didn’t know that people would report regularly waking up from sleep with an earworm,” says Scullin. “But we saw that in both the survey and experimental study”.
Past studies have linked late-night music listening with better sleep in those with insomnia(失眠), perhaps because it can relax the body.
Scullin suggests avoiding listening to music right before bed to limit the chance of a catchy tune taking hold in our minds. Engaging in some other cognitive activity before sleeping, like making a list of jobs for the next day, might also help clear the mind, Scullin says.
“Everyone knows that music listening feels good,” says Scullin. “Adolescents and young adults routinely listen to music near bedtime. But sometimes you can have too much of a good thing.The more you listen to music, the more likely you are to catch an earworm that won’t go away at bedtime. When that happens, chances are your sleep is going to suffer.”
1. What may happen to us if we have earworms at night?A.We may have a sound sleep. | B.We may fall asleep in no time. |
C.We may wake up fewer times. | D.We may suffer a light sleep. |
A.People have earworms at bedtime. |
B.People wake up from sleep with an earworm. |
C.People have more problems with vocal versions. |
D.People suffer earworms after hearing instrumental songs. |
A.List the songs we have listened to. | B.Avoid listening to music. |
C.Listen to music to relax our body. | D.Count worms to fall asleep soon. |
A.Late night music gets you to sleep soon. | B.Music can relax your body. |
C.Earworms hurt you when you are asleep. | D.Many people have sleep problems at night. |
【推荐1】Don’t talk to me; I’m busy with my iPhone.
Riding a London subway, a person from China will notice one major difference: in London, people do not look at each other. In fact, eye contact is avoided at all times. That’s not rudeness—people are just too busy to bother looking.
Busy doing what, you ask? Well, they’re certainly not using the time for a moment of quiet reflection, nor are they reading a book. New technology has replaced quiet habits. Today the only acceptable form of book on the London underground is an e-book.
Apple must earn a fortune from London commuters(乘车上下班的人). Since the launch of the iPhone in 2007, over 40,000—yes, that’s 40,000—“apps” (programs downloaded for the iPhone) have been designed.
Commuters love them because they are the perfect time-fillers. One “app”, called iShoot, is a game that features tanks. Another one, Tube Exits, tells passengers where to sit on the train to be closest to the exit of their destination. ISteam clouds the iPhone screen when you breathe into the microphone. You can then write in the “ steam” on your phone screen.
For those without an iPhone, another Apple product, the iPod, may be another choice. It’s not just teenagers who “plug in” to their music—iPods are a popular way to pass the time for all ages.
And if games, e-books and music aren’t enough to keep you occupied. Then perhaps you would prefer a film. The development of palm DVD technology means many commuters watch their favorite TV show or film on the way to work. With all this entertainments, it’s amazing that people still remember to get off the train.
1. People in London do not make eye contact on the subway because they are busy___.A.going to work |
B.reading books |
C.thinking private things |
D.playing games, reading e-books, listening to music or watching films. |
A.iShoot | B.Tube Exits |
C.iSteam | D.iPod |
A.delighted | B.busy |
C.amused | D.controlled |
A.London commuters are unfriendly to strangers |
B.Apple has earned a lo of money from selling 40,000 iPhones |
C.technology is changing the way London commuters spend their traveling time. |
D.with all the new time-fillers, London commuters often forget to get off the train |
【推荐2】Before the discovery of DNA information in the 1980s, fingerprints(指纹)were the easiest way to solve serious crimes. It’s believed that each one of us has our own fingerprints. But did you know that our fingerprints could show a lot about us?
According to The Conversation, fingerprints can show lifestyle and environment, eating habits, possible medical problems and even the job of a person.
So how can we work all this out from just a simple fingerprint? Well, a fingerprint is formed when a finger touches a surface. Most fingerprints can’t be seen to the eye and require a chemical development process in order to make them shown. Stuck between the raised lines of a fingerprint, however, are things that can tell a story about who we are. Things like sweat, blood, and food show a lot of information about us.
Besides, its use could be much wider. For example, it may be helpful in the future to doctors treating their patients. A fingerprint check may also tell a doctor whether a patient is properly having a medicine. In the treatment of some of the most serious illnesses, having proper medicine is important.
In the future, fingerprint science can be used to the police and help doctors keep us in the best possible health.
1. Fingerprints may not show one’s ________.A.lifestyle | B.beauty |
C.eating habits | D.medical problems |
A.Things stuck between raised lines. |
B.The chemical development. |
C.A finger touching a surface. |
D.The eyes of scientists. |
A.a drug test | B.a fingerprint check |
C.a blood test | D.a health check |
A.Fingerprints are helpful to the police. |
B.Fingerprints keep us in the best possible health. |
C.Fingerprints can tell much information about us. |
D.Fingerprints can be used in treatment in the future. |
【推荐3】Plenty of kids like to play video games. But is gaming good or bad for their brains? Scientists from the University of Vermont recently found that video games could offer some benefits to the mind. Their study found that gamers did better than non-gamers on two mental tasks.
Bader Chaarania neuroscientist (神经学家), who helped lead the new research, said that scientists have looked at kids who play video games in the past. But many of their studies did not have good sample (样本) sizes. So, Chaarani and his team worked with data, or information, from 2,217 children. All of these children participated in a much larger study. Chaarani’s team just used the information from that study.
The scientists looked at two groups of kids in the study. One group was the non gamer group while the other was the gamer group. All of the kids had their brains scanned with an fMRI scanner at age 9 or 10.The kids did two tasks while in the fMRI scanner The first task was to press a right or left arrow on a computer when they were given instructions, which tested their ability to quickly act. The second task was to remember facial expressions in pictures on the screen. The scientists recorded the time they used, which tested what’s known as working memory.
The results matched the brain scans. For the kids they looked at, areas of the brain involved in working memory, attention and problem solving were more active in gamers Areas of the brain involved in hand-eye coordination (协调) were less active in gamers than non-gamers. Chaarani said that’s likely from practice. It’s like using a muscle. Gamers’ brains seem to have become stronger in this area. So they didn’t need to work as hard to respond to the images viewed on the screen.
Fran Blumberg who studies children’s attention and problem —solving skills agreed with the result of the study but he also advised Chaarani to collect more data as the kids get older. Then he can see whether their skills — and brains — change over time.
1. How was the new research different from those in the past?A.All the kids had their brains scanned. |
B.The kids completed two mental tasks. |
C.The number of the kids was much larger |
D.The study was led by a famous neuroscientist. |
A.To test kids’ ability to quickly act. |
B.To help the kids complete the two tasks. |
C.To record what gamers saw and did in the two tasks. |
D.To check if specific brain areas of gamers were more active. |
A.Gamers used more time in the 2nd task |
B.Gamers were not so active as non-gamers. |
C.Gamers had better memory than non-gamers |
D.Gamers acted as slowly as non-gamers in the 1st task |
A.Supportive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Cautious. | D.Uninterested. |