1 . I had spent some time in the morning talking to my granddaughter about being “generous”. She had a lot of chocolates. I asked her if she had thought about how she was going to
That’s why I
After shopping I took her to a
I noticed a man sitting near me having lunch. Then he got up to
Upon leaving I
A.discuss | B.argue | C.share | D.play |
A.warned | B.encouraged | C.ordered | D.forced |
A.wiped | B.watched | C.set | D.headed |
A.restaurant | B.cinema | C.shop | D.theatre |
A.drinks | B.tastes | C.cakes | D.tables |
A.use | B.choose | C.enjoy | D.recognize |
A.hide | B.escape | C.explain | D.leave |
A.room | B.meal | C.goods | D.taxi |
A.moved | B.confused | C.annoyed | D.stressed |
A.money | B.excuse | C.time | D.permission |
A.frightened | B.puzzled | C.touched | D.embarrassed |
A.chances | B.things | C.services | D.customers |
A.tipped | B.owed | C.showed | D.borrowed |
A.delicious | B.cheap | C.rich | D.free |
A.exactly | B.absolutely | C.shily | D.immediately |
2 . Humans spend about one third of their lives sleeping. But some mammals (哺乳动物), like the northern elephant seal, survive with much less sleep.
Researchers in a new study described the unusual sleep pattern of these ocean animals. They found that when these mammals go to feed on trips that can last seven months, they sleep just two hours each day. Those two hours of sleep are made up of short moments of rest lasting only 10 minutes each as they dive deep to avoid predators (捕食者). The only other mammals known to get so little sleep are African elephants.
The researchers placed a head covered with sensors on the heads of the seals that they studied. The sensors recorded sleep signals created by the seals’ brains and heart rate. The sensors also recorded the animals’ location and depth beneath the sea.
The researchers studied female seals because they go out on long open-ocean trips while males feed in coastal waters.
During dives lasting about 30 minutes, the seals went into a deep sleep called slow-wave sleep while keeping a controlled downward movement. When they then experienced rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, the seals fell into a turning pattern. Then, at the deepest point of their sleeping dive — up to 377 meters deep — they wake up and swim back to the surface.
Terrie Williams is a scientist at the University of California at Santa Cruz who helped write the study. She said, “It is remarkable that a wild animal will fall into deep, paralytic REM sleep when there are predators on the hunt.” She added that the seals solve this problem by going into deep sleep in the deep parts of the oceans where predators usually do not hunt them.
Williams said the brain’s ability to control awakening the sleeping seals at a depth before they drown is also a discovery about how mammalian brains work. She commented on this saying that it shows the survival control of the seals’ brains.
1. Why did researchers study female elephant seals?A.They are easier to fix with sensors. | B.They are more friendly to humans. |
C.They are more convenient to follow. | D.They have a wider range of activities. |
A.Falling into deep sea. | B.Swimming fast in the sea. |
C.Rushing back to the surface. | D.Escaping from their hunters. |
A.They hunt more foods. | B.They avoid being hunted. |
C.They get completely relaxed. | D.They control their sleep patterns. |
A.Different Animals Need Different Sleep |
B.Elephant Seals’ Short Sleep Makes Them Survive |
C.Elephant Seals Sleep Only Two Hours a Day |
D.Male and Female Elephant Seals Feed in Different Areas |
3 . It was late July and except for a few thin, white clouds the sky was a bright blue. The sun was
Our black cat, Alice was sleeping under the shade (阴凉) of our Maple tree, without noticing the little rabbit that was
Just then a lovely, yellow butterfly flew down and
A.appearing | B.moving | C.shining | D.burning |
A.easy | B.busy | C.happy | D.difficult |
A.entirely | B.actually | C.definitely | D.rapidly |
A.flowers | B.vegetables | C.plants | D.trees |
A.touching | B.eating | C.searching | D.smelling |
A.jumping | B.warning | C.fighting | D.looking |
A.house | B.village | C.farm | D.road |
A.worked | B.stepped | C.relaxed | D.played |
A.weak | B.sad | C.full | D.calm |
A.shoes | B.words | C.question | D.doubt |
A.take in | B.sweep away | C.hand out | D.give up |
A.hunted | B.walked | C.rushed | D.landed |
A.legs | B.wings | C.back | D.head |
A.water | B.power | C.wind | D.sound |
A.improved | B.protected | C.praised | D.thanked |
4 . At Phoenix Bikes, a bicycle shop, students are learning to repair bikes. Phoenix Bikes sells bikes to the public at their business in Arlington, Virginia. But it also teaches teenagers how to repair bikes.
Most students at Phoenix start in its after-school “earn-a-bike program,” at middle and high schools in and around Arlington County. Once a week over a 12-week period, students learn repair skills. They learn how to use tools, fix flat tires, correct the wheels, and change gears (齿轮). The first lesson includes taking the bike apart. By doing this, they learn all the parts of a bike.
In the first few weeks, they work in small groups to repair a bike given to the shop. The bikes often have missing or damaged parts. The finished bike is then given to a person in need from the community. In the last four weeks of the program, students come to the shop to work on one of the given bikes which they can then take home at no cost.
Anthony is a student at nearby Wakefield High School. He just completed his bike. He said it was not in good shape at first but was the kind of bike he was looking for and could be made into something better. He said it had no lights, no front tire, and was without a chain, which controls the gears. He said he joined the program to get better at working with his hands and fixing things.
Phoenix Bikes is teaching 300 to 400 young people this year. Phoenix communicationscoordinator Gage said the classes are fun and let students learn with their hands after sitting in the classroom all day at school. He added that bikes are interesting for teenagers especially because they are a means of transportation and freedom. Learning how to fix a bike can also be a fun challenge, she said.
1. What are the students asked to do in the first lesson?A.Learn how to use tools. | B.Learn about bicycle parts. |
C.Repair flat tires. | D.Change the wheels. |
A.They sell them to whoever likes it. | B.They use them in the training. |
C.They keep them for themselves. | D.They gave them to those in need. |
A.It was the type of bike he liked. | B.It was a must to finish the training. |
C.He tried his best to prove his ability. | D.He wanted to get real experience. |
A.It did good to students’ studies. | B.It offered fun transportation for students. |
C.It was hard for students. | D.It was valuable to students. |
5 . Online Event: How to be a human
Venue
Online event | Thursday, 8 September 2024 | 18.00-19.00 BST
Humans are strange creatures. Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder at the age of eight, Camilla created her own handbook for understanding humans.
Camilla Pang, biologist and author
Camilla Pang is the author of the book Explaining Humans, a memoir (自传) that uses scientific principles to understand human behaviour through the lens (视角) of someone who has autism and ADHD. Her latest book Perfectly Weird, Perfectly You is a scientific guide to growing up for children, published in March 2022.
What’s included in your ticket:
※Live lecture lasting 60 minutes including Q&A with Camilla Pang
※On-demand access to a recording of the lecture and Q&. A for 12 months
※Extra content from New Scientist
Being Human (Series tickets available)
About the series: What makes us human? What skills and concepts do humans have that separate us from the rest of the animal kingdom? And how did they arise? The “Being human” series from New Scientist will explore the beginnings of all the things that make us human, over the course of four virtual events. The series will feature the following talks:
※Origin of love: Anna Machin | 5th May 2024 (now available on-demand)
※The dawn of language: Sverker Johansson | 9th June 2024
※The evolution of childhood: Brenna Hassett | 7th July 2024
※How to be a human: Dr Camilla Pang|8th September 2024
Save 20% off the standard ticket price by purchasing all 4 live online “Being Human” lectures (also available on-demand) or purchase single tickets for £25 per lecture(early booking rate), to hear from the finest minds in science in 2024.
1. What can you do when you attend the online lecture?A.Take exams to test your knowledge. | B.Communicate with the speaker. |
C.Make friends with other students. | D.Ask for a book written by the speaker. |
A.Anna Machin. | B.Brenna Hassett. |
C.Dr Camilla Pang. | D.Sverker Johansson. |
A.£20. | B.£50. | C.£80. | D.£100. |
6 . Along the streets of Malabon in the Philippines, Marilene Capentes pushes a cart every morning except Sundays. The city of Malabon is just north of the capital, Manila.
Capentes is a waste picker. She collects bags of separated garbage, placing food waste in one container. This material will be turned into compost (堆肥) at the local recycling center. The rest of the waste goes into separate containers. The recyclable materials are later sold.
Capentes said the heavy rubbish used to be all mixed together. Then a few years ago, a local environmental nonprofit (非盈利机构) started asking people to separate their rubbish.
The Mother Earth Foundation in the Philippines is a member of the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, called GAIA. The organization wants to avert food waste from going to landfills. Food waste gives off biogas (沼气) as it breaks down. Biogas is a powerful greenhouse gas.
At a material recycling center in Malabon, organic (有机的) waste collected from households is turned into compost. This material then goes into a community garden to grow vegetables. Some of the food waste is broken down into biogas. This biogas is then used to cook vegetables for waste workers to eat.
There are challenges in establishing these systems in new places. It costs money to set up a facility for composting. People, including local officials, have to be educated on the importance of separating waste. Containers have to be provided to families that cannot buy more than one.
And sometimes separating organic waste is not thought to be important. Also, unlike recyclables and metals, there is not a large market for organic materials. Therefore, waste workers must be paid for the system to work. But these problems can be solved. More people are making the connection between reducing biogas and fighting climate change.
1. Why is food waste separated from other waste?A.To sell it for money. | B.To cook vegetables. |
C.To feed it to animals. | D.To turn it into plant food. |
A.Remove. | B.Prevent. | C.Select. | D.Protect. |
A.Difficulties to build the new systems. | B.Importance of building the new systems. |
C.Conditions required for the new systems. | D.Arguments over building the new systems. |
A.Critical. | B.Grateful. | C.Optimistic. | D.Doubtful. |
7 . “Do what you love, not what others tell you is right,” says Georgia Lines of New Zealand.
I spoke with the 24-year-old singer-songwriter earlier this month about her rise to fame. In 2022, Lines was named breakthrough artist of the year at the annual Aotearoa music awards ceremony. Aotearoa is the Māori name for New Zealand, an island country in the Pacific Ocean that is home to more than 5.1 million people.
Lines makes success look easy, but she has worked hard to perfect her skills. “I love what I do,” she told me. “I love it when I get lost in the music, and everything works together.”
Already, Lines has opened for pop singer George Ezra. She hopes “to open for Harry Styles one day,” she added.
Lines has written more than 20 songs and worked together with several top artists, including Jack Burton, Alex James, and Cassie Henderson. “I love working with other people and cooperating,” Lines said. “I find I work better when I’m with others so we can bounce ideas off each other.”
When asked about her musical ambitions growing up, Lines smiled. “I was never a musical genius as a child,” she said. “But I always loved singing and music.”
In recent years, Lines has drawn enthusiastic crowds for her concerts. The video for her hit song, “No One Knows”, won best music video of the year in New Zealand in 2021.
As for her future goals, Lines said that she wanted “to have a sustainable (可持续的) career and to keep doing what I love.” That means, focusing on her own career and artistic achievements. “Comparison is the robber of success,” she said. “If I had stopped to compare myself with others, I wouldn’t have made it as far as I have.”
1. What is the author’s main topic of interview with Lines?A.Her childhood. | B.Her experience. |
C.Her style of music. | D.Her way to success. |
A.Honest. | B.Hard-working. | C.Lucky. | D.Easy-going. |
A.She likes teamwork. | B.She respects top artists. |
C.She has a gift for music. | D.She has loved music since a kid. |
A.Valuing fame too much. | B.Ignoring her future career. |
C.Comparing herself with others. | D.Being affected by others’ opinions. |
8 . In February, the U. S. stated that its Mars explorer, Perseverance, landed successfully on the Red Planet. Perseverance is on a task to collect Martian soil and rocks as part of a search for signs of ancient life.
Perseverance landed in an area of Mars called Jezero Crater. Scientists believe the area has a large ancient lakebed. NASA considers the area a promising place to find possible signs of microbial life.
Perseverance carried to Mars a small experimental helicopter (直升机) named Ingenuity. In April, NASA said Ingenuity had successfully completed a takeoff and landing on the planet. It said the flight was historic; it marked the first time any flying machines had performed a powered, controlled flight on another planet.
In July, British billionaire Richard Branson entered into space on a rocket plane built by Virgin Galactic, the space tourism company he created. Branson joined two pilots and three other task experts on the flight. Virgin Galactic aims to fly private citizens to the edge of space to experience a few minutes of weightlessness and observe Earth.
A little over a week later, American billionaire Jeff Bezos flew to the edge of space on a rocket built by his company, Blue Origin. Three other people took the quick trip with him: Bezo’s brother, a Dutch teenager and an 82-year-old pilot.
The flights by Branson and Bezos officially started a new industry that promises any citizen the chance to visit space. Such trips will be costly, however. Virgin Galactic’s price for a single flight is $250,000. Blue Origin has not publicly announced its price. Both businesses have built operating bases, called “spaceports”, in the countryside areas of the U. S.
And earlier this month, Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa arrived for a 12-day stay at the International Space Station (ISS). The businessman arrived along with an assistant aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft. The price of that trip has not been made public, but some reports guess it costs up to $50 million.
1. What is Virgin Galactic’s goal?A.To search for life in far space. | B.To draw people’s attention to space. |
C.To develop space tourism for the public. | D.To support space exploration programs. |
A.They traveled in space with scientists. |
B.They went to the same place in space. |
C.They tried to serve tourists in the countryside. |
D.They rode a spaceship built by their own company. |
A.Its cost. | B.Its destination. |
C.Its travel period. | D.Its transportation. |
A.Expensive Space Tourism in the Future | B.Progress on Mars, Rise in Space Tourists |
C.Traveling in Space, Billionaires’ Game | D.Signs of Ancient Life Discovered on Mars |
9 . This winter, the U. S. state of California received unusually large amounts of rain and snow. Now, people worry that some areas will flood as the snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains melts (融化).
Ron Caetano lives about half-way between the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. He is preparing to leave in case his community, called the Island District, floods.
More than 100 years ago, the Island District area was under a large lake named Tulare Lake. At one time, Tulare Lake was the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. But reservoirs (水库) and watering systems for agriculture caused it to disappear. However, in very rainy years, farmland can still get covered with water.
Experts say reservoirs near the area will likely receive three times more water than they can hold this year. That means officials must increase the amount of water they release (释放) from the reservoirs. If too much water is released, the area might flood.
The Island District has organized a community network to help prepare for floods. People are placing sandbags close to elderly neighbors’ houses to block possible flooding. And they are looking at reports from water officials, county officials, and from each other.
California has had very dry weather in recent years. Both cities and farm communities acclaimed this year’s winter rains. If the weather gets warmer slowly, the snow will not melt quickly and there may be little or no flooding. But if the weather gets hot quickly, that will bring trouble from too much melting snow.
Officials announced plans to close parts of Yosemite National Park because of threats of flooding. The park is about 270 kilometers east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Nicholas Pinter is with the University of California, Davis Center for Watershed Sciences. He said the lake’s size has always changed because of California’s weather. He described the surrounding area this way. “It has been an engineering problem all along,” he said. “This is a bathtub (浴缸) with no way out.”
1. What made Tulare Lake disappear?A.Lack of rainfall. | B.Natural disasters. |
C.Human behaviors. | D.Climate warming. |
A.Feared. | B.Prevented. | C.Stored. | D.Welcomed. |
A.The government can help them escape. | B.The weather will gradually get warm. |
C.There will be more rain there. | D.Officials won’t let off water. |
A.It is difficult to deal with the flood. | B.It is easy to keep the snow water. |
C.The surrounding area is unfit to live. | D.The lake is already overflowing. |
10 . More scientists are exploring cellular senescence(衰老)—a state in which cells(细胞)no longer divide. Senescent cells, which build up in older bodies, have a link to age-related conditions such as dementia(痴呆) disease.
Scientists are exploring drugs that treat senescent cells. But the most promising tool against the bad effects of senescent cells, experts say, is exercise.
Today, LeBrasseur, who directs a center on aging at Mayo, says exercise is “the most promising tool that we have” for good health in late life, and its power spreads to our cells. Research suggests exercise prevents the buildup of senescent cells, helping the immune(免疫的)system clear them and fight the cell damage that can affect aging.
Last year, LeBrasseur led a study that provided the first sign in humans that exercise greatly affected senescence. It cut signs in the bloodstream of the effects of senescent cells in the body.
After a 12-week exercise program, researchers found that older adults had cut signs of senescence and improved body strength, physical ability and reported health. A recent study collects even more facts—in animals and humans—for exercise as a treatment to fight against senescence cells.
While such studies are not well-known outside scientific circles, many older adults connect exercise with youthfulness. Farmer Mike Gale, 81, put in a track and field throwing circle on his large farm in California. He and some of his friends throw the discus(铁饼) and use other exercise equipment. “I'd like to be competing in my 90s,” Gale says. “Why not?”
95-year-old Richard Soller says exercise keeps him fit enough to deal with what comes his way—including the discovery that his wife of 62 years had developed dementia. The two sometimes walk the streets of their neighborhood together, holding hands. “Do as much as you can,” he says. “That should be the goal for anyone to stay healthy.”
1. What do we know about LeBrasseur?A.He discovered the cause of aging. | B.He developed drugs to treat aging. |
C.He tested with animals and humans. | D.He firstly proved exercise stops aging. |
A.Uncertain. | B.Confident. | C.Doubtful. | D.Anxious. |
A.To support his or her ideas. | B.To encourage people to exercise. |
C.To praise him for his true love. | D.To introduce activities for the old. |
A.Aging Secret Comes to Light | B.Aging Diseases Seriously Affect Health |
C.Exercise Is Best Tool Against Aging | D.Elderly People Can Also Live Active Life |