1 . I was on jury (陪审团) duty in downtown Pittsburgh and decided to take a walk during our one-hour lunch break. As I was walking, I noticed an elderly lady holding up a(n)_________, which said: “Will work for $, trying to get home.” I_________putting several dollars in her box, but all I had was a twenty-dollar bill I_________to use for groceries on my way home._________, I didn’t want to part with it. So I started to walk away, but eventually I_________.

I started a_______with her. Her name was Katie, and she was_________. She’d been a dishwasher, but lost her job and_________on the street. She wanted to go to Colorado Springs where she had relatives. She wasn’t having much_________with her sign and donations. I really wanted to__________her, but I had only about forty-five minutes to return to the courtroom.

Then I made up my mind. I told her I’d__________her to the Greyhound station, even though it was a fifteen-minute walk. I looked again in my__________, and the twenty-dollar bill stared at me. Then I noticed an old credit card I hadn’t________for over a year. I didn’t think it would work. But I decided to give it a(n)__________when we passed an ATM。To my great__________, the money came out.

On reaching the Greyhound station, I bought Katie a__________and gave her the rest of the money for food. She was so__________that she hugged me tightly before I waved goodbye.

I ran back to the courtroom and felt great__________that I made it just in time. What made me more__________was that the rest of the day went smoothly. Just as a saying goes, “Helping others is__________helping ourselves”.

1.

A．letter

B．sign

C．article

D．invitation

2.

A．gave up

B．set about

C．insisted on

D．thought of

3.

A．intended

B．offered

C．promised

D．remembered

4.

A．Strangely

B．Unwillingly

C．Selfishly

D．Ridiculously

5.

A．kept on

B．turned back

C．looked up

D．got through

6.

A．conversation

B．discussion

C．negotiation

D．compromise

7.

A．hopeless

B．fearless

C．speechless

D．homeless

8.

A．fell over

B．broke down

C．ended up

D．settled down

9.

A．luck

B．patience

C．courage

D．experience

10.

A．save

B．help

C．believe.

D．please

11.

A．attract

B．drive

C．recommend

D．accompany

12.

A．car

B．wallet

C．suitcase

D．parcel

13.

A．seen

B．charged

C．used

D．repaid

14.

A．try

B．name

C．honor

D．award

15.

A．pride

B．credit

C．puzzle

D．surprise

16.

A．ticket

B．lunch

C．souvenir

D．drink

17.

A．generous

B．friendly

C．grateful

D．outgoing

18.

A．duty

B．relief

C．challenge

D．reward

19.

A．energetic

B．optimistic

C．touched

D．delighted

20.

A．properly

B．personally

C．actually

D．especially

2 . Just reading Facebook posts——without posting messages or responding to comments——makes users feel bad about themselves，some studies have discovered. A 2015 study at the University of Michigan，for example，found that students who simply read Facebook posts for 10 minutes were in a worse mood by the end of the day than those who posted messages or commented on friends' posts.

Researchers think that users who only read posts may be always comparing their own lives to others' posts and feel they're coming up short. Or users may simply be missing out on face-to-face human communication.This is necessary and important for a healthier state of mind. "In general，when people spend a lot of time passively（被动地）receiving information——reading，but not interacting（交流）with people——they report feeling worse afterward，"said an unusual Facebook blog post.

The research appears to be bad news for Facebook，but Facebook itself is getting the negative news known to the public. In fact，the findings support the company's push to get users to be more active on the site，the blog noted. Research has also found that “interacting with people—especially sharing message，posts and comments with close friends and thinking of past interactions — is connected with improvements in well-being".

One commenter to the Facebook blog post noted that it's "no surprise that your conclusions-encouraging 'active' Facebook use—are connected with Facebook's business interests. It gives Facebook chances to persuade us into sharing, commenting, and posting more than ever—for our own good!"

The company has faced a lot of negative news about Facebook. Former Facebook Vice President Chamath Palihapitiya told Stanford University graduate business students that social media are destroying society. Palihapitiya said he felt really bad for the role he played in making Facebook so outstanding."We kind of knew something bad could happen."

1. What did the 2015 study mainly show?

A．Not all users considered Facebook useful.

B．Using Facebook in the right way could benefit us.

C．Not all people loved interacting with others on Facebook.

D．Passively using Facebook negatively affected users' moods.

2. What does the underlined word "This"in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Avoiding comparing ourselves with others.

B．Reading the posts on Facebook positively.

C．Interacting with others face to face.

D．Sharing experiences on Facebook.

3. Why did Facebook make the findings known to the public?

A．To encourage people to use Facebook more.

B．To show Facebook's concern about its users.

C．To apologize to its users for the bad influence.

D．To prove the importance of human interaction.

4. From what Chamath Palihapitiya said, we learn that       .

A．Facebook has some disadvantages

B．Facebook is facing serious challenges

C．Facebook disappoints the public deeply

D．Facebook is improving some students' life

3 . Are you aware that every single person on this planet who has ever lived, lives now or will live, has a different perception of reality? The way each of us perceives the world is to some degree different than any other person's perception of reality. __①__ What is absolutely real and right for you may be an illusion, or nonexistent, or completely false for another!

It's important to know this. __②__ For example, the news media loves to create drama, and one of their favorite methods is to elicit(引起) fear: fear of other people, fear of the weather, fear of the economy, etc. The news media tells us how to perceive the world—and if a person takes the newscasters at their word, they perceive the world to be very dangerous and hostile. To that person，the mental images and emotions suggested by other people create a version of reality that is completely different from the reality perceived by someone who does not watch the news.

Things are not always what they seem. For most people, seeing is believing, which is why magicians, artists and marketers are so successful. Just like the TV news, they show you only what they want you to see and it is perceived as reality. But how would that reality change if you saw what went on behind the scenes or what was left out?

What's your story?

We all have a story. Over time, your story takes on a life of its own and you become your story. But who's the author and why did him put so much crap in there? All that unnecessary suffering, struggle, heartache, worry and pain... wouldn't it be better to live a story without all that? Who wants to live in a story with that much boredom and unfulfilled longings?

The story got its start when you were born, and was co­authored by you along with the influences in your life. __③__ Anytime you were influenced by someone or something, you unconsciously handed your pen over and said “Here, you write this about me.” So you are not even writing your OWN story! No one does—until they recognize that fact, and make a conscious decision to take control of the pen. You CAN write your story the way you want it to play out.

________________

It is helpful to understand how the brain takes reality and filters it to create your unique perception of reality. It's an automatic unconscious action that is based on：

● Physical experiences (which is why some optical illusions are extremely unsettling)

● Past conditioning (how you are programmed to see the world)

__④__ When you become aware of the fact that you are constructing your own reality, you can take charge and build one that is more pleasing. If you change your mind, your vibration and your intentions, you can change your circumstances! Instead of, “I am a victim of circumstance，” imprint in your mind, “I am the co­creator of my life”； Instead of, “I am sick and tired of...” imprint in your mind，“I am in control and enthusiastic about what I do”.

Raise your vibration by thinking, talking and acting more positively. As positiveness becomes a mental habit，that change will become your new inner reality, which will soon manifest in your outer reality.

The power of perception is immense. Choose to see more good than bad, more abundance than lack, more love than indifference and more success than struggle.

1. What does the underlined word “perception” mean in the first paragraph?

A．sense	B．acceptance
C．reception	D．deception

2. How does the author present his viewpoints in the first three paragraphs?

A．By answering questions.	B．By giving examples.
C．By making comparisons.	D．By drawing conclusions.

3. The sentence “Because if you are not aware, your perception, world view and reality are created by other people.” should be put in ________.

A．①

B．②

C．③

D．④

4. Which of the following subtitles can be filled in the blank?

A．Seeing is not believing

B．Live up to your expectations

C．Change your perception and create a new reality

D．Physical experiences and past conditioning really count

5. What is the tone of the passage?

A．Instructive.	B．Humorous.
C．Critical.	D．Ironic.

4 . Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference (参考) by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names： One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.

Many roads and places in Singapore are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries---in both the West and the East.

Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were at first from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named after former British military bases (军事基地). If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus--- obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel (人员).

Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay (马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road”? The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.

A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes. There is “Circular Road” for one. Other roads may have part of their names to describe their shapes, like “Paya Lebar Crescent”. This road is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.

1. We learn from Paragraph 1 that ________.

A．many places tend to have more than one name

B．the government is usually the first to name a place

C．a ceremony will be held when a place is named

D．people prefer the place names given by the government

2. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A．Change suddenly.	B．Change greatly.
C．Disappear very slowly.	D．Disappear secretly.

3. Which of the following places is named after a person?

A．Raffles Place.	B．Selector Airbase.
C．Piccadilly Circus.	D．Paya Lebar Crescent.

4. Bras Basah Road is named ________.

A．after a person

B．after a place

C．by its shape

D．after an activity

5. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．The way Singaporeans name their places is unique.

B．Young Singaporeans have forgotten the pioneers.

C．Some place names in Singapore are the same as in Britain.

D．Some places in Singapore are named for military purposes.

5 . Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares, but many publishers are too cautious about piracy(盗版)and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and Harper Collins license e-books with most libraries.

Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of E-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money. If these people switch to borrowing c-books instead of buying them, what then? Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed hooks, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. The tiles disappear from the device when they are due.

E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible(不兼容的)e-book formats, devices and licenses. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, which secures rights from publishers and provides E-books and audio files in every format. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive's global market dominance, as the company can control fees and conditions. Publishers were annoyed when OverDrive cooperated with Amazon, the world's biggest online bookseller, last year. Owners of Amazon's Kindle E-reader who want to borrow E-books from libraries are now redirected to Amazon's website, where they must use their Amazon accounts to secure a loan.

According to Pew, an opinion researcher, library users are perfect for market for Amazon. Late last year Amazon Introduced its Kindle Owners' Lending Library, which lets its best customers borrow free one of thousands of popular books each month.

Library supporters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library-cards say they prefer to buy their e-books.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph I that         .

A．libraries and publishers face the same problem of e-books' piracy

B．libraries are eager to keep strong relationship with publishers

C．most publishers are hesitant to cooperate with libraries

D．several big publishers have sold E-books to libraries

2. Why are publishers worried that people will switch to electronic borrowing?

A．Book sales may drop sharply because of convenient electronic borrowing.

B．There are lots of different and incompatible E-book formats available.

C．There is no time limit for the book files downloaded on the device.

D．E-books must be checked out and returned to libraries regularly.

3. What do we learn about Over Drive?

A．It has the privilege to offer readers various brands of E-readers.

B．It distributes E-books and audio files to publishers.

C．Its market control threatens publishers and libraries.

D．It devotes itself to improving conditions of e-book market.

4. We can learn from the passage that        .

A．E-books can be lent at libraries as many times as you like

B．OverDrive distributes E-books and audio files to publishers

C．over half of Americans are borrowing E-books from libraries

D．Amazon is adopting measures to win more customers

5. What is the best title for the text?

A．The Hopeful Future of Publishing Business

B．Libraries and E-books

C．The Dull Relationship between Libraries and Publishers

D．The Close Cooperation between OverDrive and Amazon

6 . Backpacking through Africa, I always carried some food with me_______I couldn’t find something to eat.

I was______through a local market one day when I chanced upon a jar of_______jam. I could find tins of apple and strawberry in every corner store but this was the ______time I had seen peach. I took it.

For the next few weeks, when I was feeling the need for a little_______, I would carefully_______the lid and spoon a bit on to a biscuit. Mmm, delicious. I didn’t______it with anybody. It sat safely in my_____, taken out on only special_______.

One cold and cloudy afternoon, while I was waiting for a local bus, it started to rain. Everybody scattered for_____and so did I. But I was already wet through so I quickly searched through my pack for some______clothes.

In my hurry to________further discomfort, I forgot that the jar of jam was_______in my clothing. One forceful yank(猛拉) and my_______jar of jam crashed to the concrete ground, smashing into pieces.

I was so sad that I almost cried. And then, in the corner of my eye, I noticed an old woman in rags________.Without hesitating, she bent down and picked up the half of the jar that still looked ________.

Still________,she stuck two fingers into the jar, scooped(舀) out the________jam and placed it into her toothless mouth. Carefully, like fish bones, she_______the pieces of glass. She studied the broken container_____she was certain that there was nothing left. Then she left.

My bus arrived shortly after and, as we drove off, I wondered if the jam would taste the same to me.

1.

A．in order that

B．if

C．in case

D．unless

2.

A．looking

B．buying

C．getting

D．running

3.

A．apple

B．peach

C．orange

D．strawberry

4.

A．last

B．best

C．other

D．first

5.

A．meal

B．treat

C．rest

D．drink

6.

A．remove

B．move

C．discover

D．uncover

7.

A．divide

B．eat

C．share

D．separate

8.

A．pocket

B．pack

C．corner

D．store

9.

A．situations

B．conditions

C．atmosphere

D．occasion

10.

A．protection

B．shelter

C．cover

D．warmth

11.

A．beautiful

B．rain

C．warm

D．dry

12.

A．avoid

B．get into

C．defeat

D．overcome

13.

A．hidden

B．buried

C．covered

D．locked

14.

A．expensive

B．valuable

C．precious

D．priceless

15.

A．disappearing

B．appearing

C．running

D．approaching

16.

A．all right

B．nice

C．broken

D．damaged

17.

A．standing up

B．looked down upon

C．bent over

D．watching out

18.

A．rest

B．remaining

C．extra

D．spare

19.

A．swallowed

B．brought out

C．ate up

D．spat out

20.

A．until

B．unless

C．after

D．since

7 . A remote control is seemingly capable of invisible magic to most of us. We just assume it should. And the longer a given technology exits, the more we take it for granted.

Consider for a moment a split screen showing modern remote control users versus the first remote control users: the original users would be carefully aiming the remote directly at the television, reading the names of the buttons to find the right one, and intentionally pressing the button with a force that adds nothing to the effectiveness of the device. The modern users would be leaning on a sofa, pointing the remote any which way instinctively（本能的）feeling for the button they desired,intuiting（凭直觉知道）its size,shape, and position on the remote.

Humans are known for being handy with tools, so it is no surprise that we get so comfortable with our technology. However, as we become increasingly comfortable with how to use new technologies, we become less aware of how they work. Most people who use modern technology know nothing of its underlying science. They have spent neither mental nor financial resources on its development. And yet, rather than be humbled（使谦逊）by its originality, we consumers often become unfairly demanding of what our technology Should do for us.

Many of the landmark inventions of the twentieth century followed predictable tracks: initial versions of each technology (television, video games, computers, cell phones, etc.) succeeded in impressing the general public. Then, these wonderful new inventions quickly became commonplace. Soon, the focus of consumer attitudes towards them changed from gratitude with respect to discriminating preference.

Televisions needed to be bigger and have a higher resolution. Video games needed to be more realistic. Computers needed to be more powerful yet smaller in size. Cell phones needed to be smaller yet capable of performing other tasks such as taking pictures, accessing the Internet, and even playing movies.

For children of the last twenty years born into this modern life,these technological marvels seem like elements of the periodic table: a given ingredient that is simply part of the universe. Younger generations don't even try to imagine life without modern conveniences. They do not appreciate theunprecedented（史无前例的）technology that is in their possession; rather, they complain about the ways in which it fails to live up to ideal expectations. “My digital video recorder at home doesn't allow me to program it from my computer at work.” “It's taking too long for this interactive map to display on my portable GPS”.

If it sounds as though we're never satisfied, we aren't. Of course, our complaints do actually motivate engineers to continually refine their products. After all. at the root of our tool-making instinct is the notion (观念）that “there must be a better way.” Thus, the shortcomings of any current version of technology are pinned on the limitations of its designers, and the expectation is that someone, somewhere is working on how to make the existing product even better.

1. The second paragraph is used to suggest that______________.

A．modern humans do not pay enough attention to instructions

B．remote controls have become far more effective over the years

C．consumer behavior toward new forms of technology changes over time

D．the first consumers of new technology used new devices with ease and comfort

2. The passage states that original users of remote controls likely__________.

A．have no instinctive feeling for sizes and shapes

B．press the buttons harder than it is necessary

C．don't trust on the effectiveness of remote control

D．have difficulty reading the names of the buttons

3. Which of the following can illustrate people's discriminating preference?

A．People take a given technology for granted.

B．Consumers expect more powerful computers.

C．Children lack patience with the shortcomings of technology.

D．Original users unfairly demand of what technology should do.

4. What does the underlined statement in paragraph 6 probably mean?

A．Space exploration provides us with new technology.

B．Adults learn technology while they are doing household chores.

C．High expectation makes up for the limitation of technology designers.

D．Consumers regard many technological inventions as unremarkable

5. The writer thinks the way people consider technology____________.

A．encourage designers' creativity	B．limit humans’ productivity
C．raise consumers' expectation	D．guarantee users' satisfaction

8 . It was decades ago now, but it’s still one of the most memorable conversations of my life. On a long, slow train heading north, with nothing to do but watch the rain, the man sitting opposite began trying to talk to me. Like most young women who have learned the hard way to be careful of strangers, I was unfriendly. But curiosity took over when he said that he was just bored, and liked talking.

So that’s what we did for hours and hours as the man turned out to be quite talkative. When the train finally pulled in, we didn’t change numbers. However, I still think about it sometimes on long, boring journeys, before getting a phone out and scrolling silently like everyone else. It’s a rare person who can cheerfully break the social rule about not talking to strangers without any ill intention, but life would be more interesting if more of us knew how to do it.

And that’s why I can’t be as cynical as I probably should be about “Tube Chat” campaign launched to encourage Britons to talk to each other. All anyone is being asked to do is to start a conversation they wouldn’t otherwise have had — maybe with a friend from whom they’ve been apart or a neighbor they don’t know.

Obviously, it takes more than a bit of small talk over garden fences to unite strangers together. More people live alone than did so a generation ago, and the rise in freelancing（自由职业）means more of us work alone too. We socialize increasingly through screens, sending texts instead of bothering to call.

It’s true that the “Tube Chat” campaign of a few years back failed in its attempts to make Londoners talk to each other on public transport. But even city people who would normally die rather than make eye contact with strangers still happily gather in large numbers by the Thames for the New Year’s Eve fireworks. They would get a far better view at home on television — it’s not really about the fireworks, but about being part of something communal (公共的).

There’s no guarantee (保证) that this latest campaign to reconnect will succeed wherever others have failed. But if there ever a moment to stop social disbelief it may start a fire to warm a world that sometimes feels cold. Wherever my train friend is now, ________.

1. The author introduced her train friend to ________.

A．share her most memorable but boring journey

B．express her deep regret for losing touch with him

C．show that talking to strangers can add interest to life

D．explain why people are becoming indifferent

2. The underlined word “cynical” is closest in meaning to ________.

A．doubtful

B．supportive

C．confused

D．disappointed

3. The example of Londoners gathering for the New Year’s Eve fireworks is used to show that ________.

A．“Tube Chat”, failed in its attempts to unite strangers together

B．it’s hard to break the social rule about not talking to strangers

C．people have a wish to be socially connected by nature

D．“Tube Chat” made some difference to reconnecting people

4. Which of the following best fits in the blank in the last paragraph?

A．I hope he’s still talking	B．I hope he is still as interesting
C．I will miss him forever	D．I will try to get in touch with him

5. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A．Keep our desire to connect.	B．Avoid talking to strangers.
C．Show respect for social disbelief	D．Socialize with our friends.

9 . Where do you find beauty? Fashion Magazines? Music Videos? One American photographer is finding beauty in unexpected places. And a new documentary about his work might help change the traditional standards of "who" is beautiful.

Rick Guidotti put aside his career as a fashion Photographer to turn his lens (镜头)to people living with genetic, physical and behavioral differences. He says what changed his perception of beauty was a chance encounter with an albino(白化病) girl.

"I was just tired of people telling me who was beautiful. Every season that face would change but1 was always told who was beautiful. As an artist, I don't see beauty just on covers of magazines. I see it everywhere. So that was my initial intention that opened my eyes a little wider and wider." Said Guidotti.

Guidotti has created Positive Exposure, a not-for-profit organization that uses photography and video to transform public perceptions and promote a world where differences are celebrated. Guidotti and Positive Exposure are featured in a new documentary called On Beauty.

The cast and crew recently hosted a screening at Georgetown University in Washington. One of the women featured in the film is Jayne Waithera. “I never thought I was beautiful because nobody said that to me, but meeting him was my profound moment. I remember that particular day he took my picture and I felt so good like I felt there's somebody who, really loves me and sees me for who I am and who sees me more than my condition.” said Waithera.

The documentary is the brainchild of producer Joanna Rudnick. After seeing Rick's photos, she decided to tell his story. Joanna and Rick are traveling from city to city to promote On Beauty. They say their tour is not about money, it's about the message: “As I travel from community to community, I'm taking photographs and I'm empowering individuals with a positive sense of who they are. They're seeing beauty in their reflection but I'm also empowering their families and they in turn are empowering their communities as well. All is based on the philosophy of change how you see, see how you change."

1. Why did Rick change his career?

A．Because he couldn't earn enough money from his former career.

B．Because the beauty on covers of magazines are not beautiful.

C．Because he wanted to create his own company.

D．Because his comprehension of beauty changed owing to an albino girl.

2. What can we know about Positive Exposure?

A．It brings a lot of money for Rick.	B．It makes the public more beautiful.
C．It welcomes differences in the world.	D．It makes photography more popular.

3. What does the author want to tell us by mentioning Jayne in Paragraph 5?

A．Jayne was beautiful indeed.

B．Photographs gave Jayne a positive sense of who she was.

C．It was unfair that nobody discovered Jayne's beauty.

D．Jayne's picture was more beautiful than herself.

4. What does the author mainly intend to tell us in the last paragraph?

A．We should travel frequently.

B．Community has a great influence on everyone.

C．We should make contributions to our community.

D．Your attitude to seeing the world decides your behavior.

5. What do you know about Rick Guidotti based on the passage?

A．He's a talented photographer with a firmly established reputation.

B．He's a social worker devoting himself to helping the disadvantaged.

C．He conveys a new concept of beauty by means of a documentary.

D．He promotes people' s taste of beauty through his fashion photographs.

10 . If you’ve ever found yourself scratching your head over a decision when the answer is obvious, now there’s a scientific reason behind it. “The problem is ‘decision fatigue’ — a psychological phenomenon that influences the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making, causing indecision or poor choices.” says Evan Polman, a leading psychologist.

Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics (开抗生素) to patients when it's unwise to do so. “Probably it’s because it’s simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says.

But interestingly, decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. When people imagine themselves as advisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else, they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices. “By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,” he says. “It’s as if there’s something fun and relieving about making someone else’s choice.”

“Getting input from others not only offers a fresh idea and thought process; it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good,” says Polman. “When people experience decision fatigue, they have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo (现状),” he says. “But the status quo can be problematic, since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome.” In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always essential. “People with decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,” he says, “That’s not to say that risk is always good, but it is related to taking action whereas decision fatigue certainly leads to inaction.”

“Just because you can make good choices for others doesn’t mean you’ll do the same for yourself,” Polman cautions. “Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,” he says, adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.

1. Decision fatigue may cause people to make decisions that are_______________.

A．reasonable	B．objective
C．unwise	D．smart

2. Which of the following may be made by a person with decision fatigue?

A．A consumer buys a lot of food to prepare for a dinner.

B．A judge makes a less convincing judgment late in the day.

C．A student plans to finish his math homework in the morning.

D．A physician advises the patient to drink more water after examination.

3. When do people feel less decision fatigue?

A．When they take decision shortcuts.

B．When they have advisers to turn to.

C．When they have major decisions to make.

D．When they help others to make decisions.

4. What are people likely to do when decision fatigue sets in?

A．They stop trying anything new.

B．They adopt a totally new idea.

C．They tend to make risky decisions.

D．They turn to physicians for advice.

5. What does Polman say about taking some risks in decision making?

A．It will often end in regret.

B．It is likely to cause serious consequences.

C．It will enable people to be more creative.

D．It is necessary to achieve successful outcome.