1 . In our information-driven society, shaping our worldview through the media is similar to forming an opinion about someone solely based on a picture of their foot. While the media might not deliberately deceive us, it often fails to provide a comprehensive view of reality.

Consequently, the question arises: Where, then, shall we get our information from if not from the media? Who can we trust? How about experts- people who devote their working lives to understanding their chosen slice of the world? However, even experts can fall prey to the allure of oversimplification, leading to the “single perspective instinct” that hampers (阻碍) our ability to grasp the intricacies (错综复杂) of the world.

Simple ideas can be appealing because they offer a sense of understanding and certainty. And it is easy to take off down a slippery slope, from one attention-grabbing simple idea to a feeling that this idea beautifully explains, or is the beautiful solution for, lots of other things. The world becomes simple that way.

Yet, when we embrace a singular cause or solution for all problems, we risk oversimplifying complex issues. For instance, championing the concept of equality may lead us to view all problems through the lens of inequality and see resource distribution as the sole panacea. However, such rigidity prevents us from seeing the multidimensional nature of challenges and hinders true comprehension of reality. This “single perspective instinct” ultimately clouds our judgment and restricts our capacity to tackle complex issues effectively. Being always in favor of or always against any particular idea makes you blind to information that doesn’t fit your perspective. This is usually a bad approach if you would like to understand reality.

Instead, constantly test your favorite ideas for weaknesses. Be humble about the extent of your expertise. Be curious about new information that doesn’t fit, and information from other fields. And rather than talking only to people who agree with you, or collecting examples that fit your ideas, consult people who contradict you, disagree with you, and put forward different ideas as a great resource for understanding the world. If this means you don’t have time to form so may opinions, so what?

Wouldn’t you rather have few opinions that are right than many that are wrong?

1. What does the underlined word “allure” in Para.2 probably mean?

A．Temptation.

B．Tradition.

C．Convenience.

D．Consequence.

2. Why are simple ideas appealing according to the passage?

A．They meet people’s demand for high efficiency.

B．They generate a sense of complete understanding.

C．They are raised and supported by multiple experts.

D．They reflect the opinions of like-minded individuals.

3. What will the author probably agree with?

A．Simplifying matters releases energy for human brains.

B．Constant tests on our ideas help make up for our weakness.

C．A well-founded opinion counts more than many shallow ones.

D．People who disagree with us often have comprehensive views.

4. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A．Embracing Disagreement: Refusing Overcomplexity

B．Simplifying Information: Enhancing Comprehension

C．Understanding Differences: Establishing Relationships

D．Navigating Complexity: Challenging Oversimplification

2 . It’s a sad reality that many of us find ourselves just too busy to contribute to our communities. For a long time, I, too, believed it cost too much in time, money and ______ to make a real difference. But all that changed when I ______ my good-deed-a-day project.

My daughter, Emily, was my primary ______. I wanted to show her we could do little things to help others, and be happy.

The first week, I wasn’t sure if I could ______it. I surfed the Internet for ideas. One day, I ______ a blind man in the subway station. He smiled as he thanked me. Another day, I brought flowers from my garden to a local nursing home... I could only hope I was arousing ______ in others.

Luckily, after just a few days I found it easier than I’d expected. I knew I was making a ______.

Every evening at the dinner table, I ______that day’s good deed to Emily. Emily began copying what I’d started. On a walk home from school, she marched over to a neighbor’s pot of geraniums(天竺葵), which had toppled(摇晃) in the wind，and set it ______. “That was my good deed for the day!” she yelled. Another day, she helped me collect ______from our neighbors for the food bank. We dropped off the food and，______we drove away, Emily announced ______that she wanted to work there one day.

By the last week, I knew I’d changed. At first, I hadn’t been entirely ______ that I could do a good deed every day. Now it was practically second ______. I felt a greater responsibility to take action when I saw a need, ______ looking the other way. I felt as though I’d awakened, somehow.

1.

A．energy

B．space

C．wisdom

D．salary

2.

A．stopped

B．started

C．forgot

D．remembered

3.

A．donation

B．expectation

C．celebration

D．inspiration

4.

A．get

B．manage

C．put

D．appreciate

5.

A．watched

B．waited

C．guided

D．ordered

6.

A．interest

B．mercy

C．awareness

D．praise

7.

A．discovery

B．difference

C．mistake

D．fortune

8.

A．reminded

B．pointed

C．recalled

D．described

9.

A．right

B．up

C．out

D．aside

10.

A．money

B．vegetables

C．donations

D．clothes

11.

A．before

B．since

C．until

D．as

12.

A．proudly

B．eagerly

C．anxiously

D．casually

13.

A．concerned

B．convinced

C．expected

D．persuaded

14.

A．scene

B．language

C．nature

D．skill

15.

A．by means of

B．regardless of

C．as well as

D．instead of

3 . Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $ 8 to $ 10 a year. Today $ 8 or $ 10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.

The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper” —a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.

This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible( but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged -and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.

This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures (企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.

1. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?

A．Academic.	B．Unattractive.
C．Professional.	D．Popular.

2. What did street sales mean to newspapers?

A．They would be priced higher.	B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers.	D．They could regain public trust.

3. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?

A．Local politicians.	B．Common people.
C．Young publishers.	D．Rich businessmen.

4 . Metrorail (地铁)
Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out .Up to two children under age five may travel
Free with a paying customer .
Farecard machines are in every station .Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to $5 in change.
Get one ticket of unlimited Metrorall rides with a One Day Pass .Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations .Use it after 9:30 a,m. until closing on weekdays , and all day on weekends and holidays .
Hours of sevice
Open:5am Mon-Fri 7a.m Sat-Sun
Close:midnight Sun-Thur. 3a.m Fri-Sat
Last train times vary.
Train times Posted in stations
Metrobus
When paying with exact charge , the fare is $1.35.When paying with a SmarTripⓇcard , the fare is 1.25.
Fares
Senior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare .On Metrorail and Metrobus , use a senior/disabled farecard or Smar/Trip Ⓡcard .For more information about buying senior .disabled farecard , SmarTripⓇcards and passes , please visit MetroOpensDoors .com or call 202-637-7000and 202-637-8000.
Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrorall services by calling 202-962-1100.
Travel tips (提示)
. Avoid riding during weekday rush periods –before 9:30 a.m. and between 4and 6p.m.
. If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost &Found at 202-962-1195,
1. What should you know about farecard machines?

A．They start selling tickets at 9:30 a.m.

B．They are connected to change machines .

C．They offer special service to the elderly .

D．They make change for no more than $5.

2. At what time does Metrorail stop service on Saturday ?

A．At midnight .

B．At 3 a.m.

C．At 5 a.m.

D．At 7a.m.

3. What is good about a SmarTripⓇcard ?

A．It is convenient for old people .

B．It saves money for its users

C． It can be bought at any train

D．It is sold on the Internet

4. Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?

A．202-962-1195

B．202-962-1100

C．202-637-7000

D．202-637-8000

5 . Doctor are known to be terrible pilots. They don't listen because they already know it all. I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didn't realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather. I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理), or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.
I first read about CRM in 1980. Not long after that, an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather. The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready. The attending doctor was flying; I was safety pilot He was so busy because of the bad turn, he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架) down. He was a better pilot - and my boss - so it felt unusual to speak up. But I had to: Our lives were in danger. I put aside my uneasiness and said, "We need to put the landing gear down now!" That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and I've used it in the operating room ever since.
CRM requires that the pilot/ surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again. So when I'm in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others. Sometimes they're not willing to speak up. But I hope that if I continue to encourage them, someday someone will keep me from “landing gear up”.
1. What does the author say about doctors in general?

A．They like flying by themselves.

B．They are unwilling to take advice.

C．They pretend to be good pilots.

D．They are quick learners of CRM.

2. The author deepened his understanding of the power of CRM when_______.

A．he saved the plane by speaking up

B．he was in charge of a flying task

C．his boss landed the plane too late

D．his boss operated on a patient

3. In the last paragraph“landing gear up” probably means ______.

A．following flying requirements.

B．overreacting to different opinions.

C．listening to what fellow doctors say

D．making a mistake that may cost lives

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．CRM: A New Way to Make Flying Safe

B．Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor

C．The Making of a Good Pilot

D．A Pilot-Tumed Doctor