1 . Running is often tiring and a lot of hard work, but nothing beats the feeling you get after finishing a long workout around the track.
But while it’s long been believed that endorphins (内啡肽) —chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the so-called “runner’s high”, a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew.
According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities, a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids (内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling.
To test this theory, the scientists turned to mice. Both mice and humans release high levels of endorphins and endocannabinoids after exercise. After exercising on running wheels, the mice seemed happy and relaxed and displayed no signs of anxiety. But after being given a drug to block their endorphins, the mice’s behavior didn’t seem to change. However, when their endocannabinoids were blocked with a different drug, their runners’ high symptoms seemed to fade.
“The long-held notion of endorphins being responsible for the runner’s high is false. Endorphins are effective pain relievers, but only when it comes to the pain in your body and muscles you feel after working out,” Patrick Lucas Austin wrote on science blog Lifchacker.
Similar studies are yet to be carried out on humans, but it’s already known that exercise is a highly effective way to get rid of stress or anxiety. The UK’s National Health Service even prescribes (开药 方) exercise to patients who are suffering from depression. “Being depressed can leave you feeling low in energy, which might put you off being more active. Regular exercise can improve your mood if you have depression, and its especially useful for people with mild to moderate (中等的) depression,” it wrote on its website.
It seems like nothing can beat that feeling we get after a good workout, even if we don’t fully understand where it comes from. At least if we’re feeling down, we know that all we have to do is to put on our running shoes.
1. What did scientists from German universities recently discover?A.Working out is a highly effective way to treat depression. |
B.The runner’s high could be caused by endocannabinoids. |
C.Endorphins may contribute to one’s high spirits after running. |
D.The level of endorphins and endocannabinoids could affect one’s mood. |
A.To find what reduces the runner’s high symptoms. |
B.To see the specific symptoms of the runner’s high. |
C.To identify what is responsible for the runner’s high. |
D.To test what influences the level of endocannabinoids released. |
A.Effect. | B.Goal. | C.Opinion. | D.Question |
A.They can help ease depression symptoms. |
B.They are the best way to treat depression. |
C.They only work for those with serious depression. |
D.They can help people completely recover from depression. |
2 . All over the world people enjoy sports. Sports help to keep people healthy and happy, and to live longer.
Some sports or game go back thousands of years, like running or jumping. Chinese Kungfu, for example, has a very long history. But basketball and volleyball are rather new. Neither one is a hundred years old yet.
People from different countries may not be able to understand each other, but after a game together they often become good friends.
A.And think of people in cold countries. |
B.Sports help to train a person’s character. |
C.People aren’t inventing new sports or games. |
D.Many people like to watch others play games. |
E.People are inventing new sports or games all the time. |
F.Some sports are so interesting that people everywhere take part in them. |
G.Not a few people participate in different sports competitions themselves. |
3 . Playing sports offers you more than just physical benefits (好处).
Making new friends.
Playing sports enables you to create friendships you otherwise might not have formed.
Understanding the value of health.
Taking part in sports improves your health in many ways.
Building team spirit.
Sports provide children with the important lesson of learning how to work in a team.
Playing sports requires a lot of time and energy. Some may think this would take students’ attention away from schoolwork. However, the opposite is true. Sports require memorization, repetition and learning — skills that are directly relevant (有关的) to schoolwork.
A.Doing better in your studies. |
B.Everyone has to work together to achieve the goal. |
C.To be a good athlete, you must take care of yourself. |
D.Sports can help you in your study and fit in with society as well. |
E.Sports bring teens together from different schools and backgrounds. |
1. How much did the top winner get as his prize?
A.75,000 dollars. | B.50,000 dollars. | C.100,000 dollars. |
A.West Hartford, Connecticut. |
B.Grand Junction, Colorado. |
C.Bloomington, Illinois. |
A.16 years old. | B.17 years old. | C.18 years old. |
A.The top winner did well in mathematics. |
B.The second place winner studied the Rain-bow Ramsey Theory. |
C.The third place winner has invented an electronic device. |
1. Why doesn’t the woman like the class?
A.There is no water. |
B.She thought it would be easier. |
C.She likes to exercise with more people. |
A.Return to the class later. |
B.Exercise with a bigger group. |
C.Quit the class. |
1.时间和地点;
2.比赛的过程;
3.比赛的意义。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
An English Speech Contest
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A.To receive intensive training. |
B.To achieve their dreams. |
C.To get glory for their country. |
内容主要包括: 1.告知马拉松比赛的具体信息;
2.说明邀请理由;
3.希望对方参加。
注意:1.词数80左右(开头和结尾已给出,但不计入总词数);
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
参考词汇:马拉松marathon
Dear John,
I'm pleased to tell you that an international marathon will take place in our city.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,
Li Hua
1. How often does Tim run now?
A.About two days a week. | B.Every day. | C.About four days a week. |
A.For about 3 years . | B.For at least 7 years. | C.For about 8 years. |
10 . For sports fans, there's nothing better than watching a live event on TV or at a sports venue(场地). But there's nothing worse than that event being called off because of bad weather. Bad light, a waterlogged pitch (场地)or excessive heat can cause matches to be postponed. But according to the latest research, extreme weather might be disrupting (打乱) the sporting calendar more than ever in the future.
In one sport, golf, major tournaments like The Open, are already predicted to be victims of our changing climate. In the UK, an organization called The Climate Coalition says that golf courses such as St Andrews could be under water by the end of the century if sea levels rise even slightly. It told the BBC that its research predicts u cancelled football matches, flooded cricket grounds and golf courses crumbling into the sea.”
The threat to sporting fixtures (体育赛事)from climate change has been further highlighted in a new report, commissioned by the Rapid Transition Alliance. Writing about this for the BBC, Matt McGrath says that ”By 2050, it's estimated that almost one in four English football league grounds can expect flooding every year." This will mean fewer matches played, less opportunity to watch the beautiful game and reduced revenue (收入) from ticket sales.
Cricket also faces huge challenges globally as temperatures rise in places like India, Australia and the West Indies. The report says that stadiums in Adelaide and Perth will see a 60% increase in days with temperatures over 40°C over the next decade.
Of course, we know that the solution lies with reducing our carbon footprint. We could travel less to attend sports events, and reduce our waste when we do go. But this latest report finds that sports leaders are generally failing to address the issue seriously. However, because sport is universally popular and can be very influential, maybe it should be players, teams and their sponsors who promote a carbon-neutral message to help protect sporting venues - before it's ‘ game over’.
1. According to the passage, the following sports will be affected by extreme weather exceptA.golf | B.table tennis | C.football | D.cricket |
A.The number of people who are interested in football matches is expected to decrease. |
B.The number of football players is expected to decrease. |
C.The prices of football tickets are expected to go down. |
D.Some football grounds are expected to be flooded. |
A.Sports fans like watching a live event on TV better than at a sports venue. |
B.Golf courses such as St Andrews could not be flooded if sea levels rise a little. |
C.Cricket stadiums in Adelaide and Perth will get very hot over the next decade. |
D.Sports leaders take the effects of climate change very seriously. |
A.Sport and Sporting Venues. | B.Sport and Challenges. |
C.Sport and Climate Change. | D.Sport and Revenue. |