1 . Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请针对图片反映的社会现象，写一篇短文，谈谈你对此现象的看法。词数：150左右。内容包括：
a. 简要描述图片;
b. 分析原因和提出建议。

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2 . Phys ed (physical education) is making a comeback as a part of the school core curriculum, but with a difference.    1    Instead of learning how to climb a rope, children are taught to lift weights, balance their diets and build physical endurance. In this way, kids are given the tools and skills and experiences so they can lead a physically active life the rest of their life.

    2    In many cases, that may mean not just replacing the old gym-class model with fitness programs but also starting up phys ed programs because school boards often “put P.E. on the chopping block, cutting it entirely or decreasing its teachers or the days it is offered,” says Alicia Moag-Stahlberg, the executive director of Action for Health Kids. The difference in phys ed programs is partly due to the lack of a national standard. “Physical education needs to be part of the core curriculum,” she added.

The wisdom of the new approach has some scientific support. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin have showed how effective the fit-for-life model of gym class can be.    3     The researchers also found that teaching sports like football resulted in less overall movement, partly because some reluctant students were able to sit on the bench.

Another problem with simply teaching group sports in gym class is that only a small percentage of students continue playing them after graduating from high school.     4    

A．The new method teaches skills that translate to adulthood.

B．While group sports are still part of the curriculum, the new way is to teach skills that are useful beyond gym class.

C．Research shows that fit kids learn best, and that exercise has a positive impact on brain chemistry and function.

D．Health and physical education provides students with the knowledge, skills and attitude necessary to create and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

E．They observed how 50 overweight children lost more weight when they cycled and skied cross-country than when they played sports.

F．Considering that 15 percent of American children aged 6 to 18 are overweight, supporters say more money and thought must be put into phys ed curriculum.

5 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

What to say to a rude person

As the British doctor Lord Robert Winston took a train from London to Manchester, he found himself becoming steadily annoyed. A woman had picked up her phone and began a loud conversation,     1     would last an unbelievable hour.Furious, Winston began to tweet about the woman.He took her picture and sent it to his more than 40,000 followers.

    2     the train arrived at its destination, Winston got off and left quickly.He had enough of the woman’s rudeness.But the press were now waiting for her on the platform.And when they gleefully showed her the Lord’s messages, she used just one word to describe Winston’s actions: rude.

Winston’s tale is something of a microcosm of our age of increasing rudeness,     3     (fuel)by social media (and, often politics).What can we do to fix this?

Studies have shown that rudeness spreads quickly and virally, almost like the common cold.Just witnessing rudeness makes it far more likely     4     we, in turn, will be rude later on.Once infected, we are more aggressive,     5    (creative) and worse at our jobs.The only way to end a conflicts to make a conscious decision to do so.We must have the courage to call it out, face to face.We must say,“Just stop.” For Winston, that would have meant     6    (approach) the woman, telling her that her conversation was frustrating other passengers and politely asked her to speak more quietly or make a call at     7     time.

The rage and injustice we feel at the rude behavior of a stranger     8     drive us to do odd things.I surveyed 2,000 adults, three fourths of whom overreacted. The acts of revenge people had taken     9     (range) from the ridiculous(“I rubbed fries on their wind-shield”) to the disturbing (“I sabotaged them at work”).Winston did shine on the woman’s behavior—but from afar, in a way that shamed her.

We must instead combat rudeness head on.When we see it occur in a store, we must step up and say something.If it happens to a colleague, we must point it out.We must defend strangers in the same way we’d defend our best friends. But we can do it with grace, by handling it without a trace of aggression and without being rude     10    .Because once rude people can see their actions through the eyes of others, they are far more likely to end that conflict themselves. As this tide of rudeness rises, civilization needs civility.

6 . What would the world be if there were no hunger? It’s a question that the late ecologist Donella Meadows would ask her students at Dartmouth College back in the 1970s. She set out to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting big global challenges.

Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things relate with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.

Take nutrition for example. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization tracked 150 biochemicals in food and various databases, which revealed the relationships between calories, sugar, fat, vitamins and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, network scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking—which, in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.

A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power and status. But the food system is not an equal one. There have been calls for a World Food and Nutrition Organization, so that legally binding policies can be applied to all its members. Another way to address power imbalances is for more universities to do what Meadows did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.

A team of researchers has done just that, through the Interdisciplinary Food Systems Teaching and Learning program. Students from disciplines including agriculture, ecology and economics learn together by drawing on their collective expertise in tackling real-world problems, such as how to reduce food waste. Since its launch in 2015, the program has trained more than 1,500 students from 45 university departments.

More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and embrace a systems approach, as the editors of Nature Food advocate in their launch editorial. Meadows knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.

1. The passage is mainly about ________.

A．how to conduct research efficiently	B．how to build a world food organization
C．an approach to solving real-world problem	D．an approach to applying scientific findings

2. According to paragraph 3, the study conducted by network scientists revealed that ________.

A．artificial intelligence is more useful than traditional methods

B．achieving systems thinking requires identifying more components

C．we are unable to gain thorough understanding of our nutritious system

D．some biochemicals are related with the occurrence of common diseases

3. According to the passage, what do we know about the Interdisciplinary Food Systems Teaching and Learning program?

A．It is the only way of solving imbalance in our food system.

B．It aims to urge the governments to carry out its food policies.

C．It seeks to solve theoretical issues about food and nutrition

D．It has cultivated many interdisciplinary talents since its launch.

4. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the last paragraph?

A．Results can’t be produced.	B．Vision brings about change.
C．Action matters more than saying.	D．Systems thinking is too difficult to realize.

7 . Running is often tiring and a lot of hard work, but nothing beats the feeling you get after finishing a long workout around the track.

But while it’s long been believed that endorphins (内啡肽) —chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the so-called “runner’s high”, a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew.

According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities, a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids (内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling.

To test this theory, the scientists turned to mice. Both mice and humans release high levels of endorphins and endocannabinoids after exercise. After exercising on running wheels, the mice seemed happy and relaxed and displayed no signs of anxiety. But after being given a drug to block their endorphins, the mice’s behavior didn’t seem to change. However, when their endocannabinoids were blocked with a different drug, their runners’ high symptoms seemed to fade.

“The long-held notion of endorphins being responsible for the runner’s high is false. Endorphins are effective pain relievers, but only when it comes to the pain in your body and muscles you feel after working out,” Patrick Lucas Austin wrote on science blog Lifchacker.

Similar studies are yet to be carried out on humans, but it’s already known that exercise is a highly effective way to get rid of stress or anxiety. The UK’s National Health Service even prescribes (开药 方) exercise to patients who are suffering from depression. “Being depressed can leave you feeling low in energy, which might put you off being more active. Regular exercise can improve your mood if you have depression, and its especially useful for people with mild to moderate (中等的) depression,” it wrote on its website.

It seems like nothing can beat that feeling we get after a good workout, even if we don’t fully understand where it comes from. At least if we’re feeling down, we know that all we have to do is to put on our running shoes.

1. What did scientists from German universities recently discover?

A．Working out is a highly effective way to treat depression.

B．The runner’s high could be caused by endocannabinoids.

C．Endorphins may contribute to one’s high spirits after running.

D．The level of endorphins and endocannabinoids could affect one’s mood.

2. Why did the scientists give mice drugs in their experiment?

A．To find what reduces the runner’s high symptoms.

B．To see the specific symptoms of the runner’s high.

C．To identify what is responsible for the runner’s high.

D．To test what influences the level of endocannabinoids released.

3. What does the underlined word “notion” mean?

A．Effect.

B．Goal.

C．Opinion.

D．Question

4. What can we know about regular workouts according to the UK’s National Health Service?

A．They can help ease depression symptoms.

B．They are the best way to treat depression.

C．They only work for those with serious depression.

D．They can help people completely recover from depression.

8 . The broad definition of migration, “permanent change of residence”, usually includes a move across a city or a town. What we are concerned about is movement between nations, not internal migration within nations, although such movements often go beyond international movements in volume.

Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as painful as war, or severe famine.

Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.

Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening(干预)obstacles”. Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong, they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.

The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and rather difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another.

Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

1. Suppose Thomas is thinking of migrating to a new place but he is faced with several choices of destinations , what may contribute to his final decision?

A．Good land to farm.	B．The people he knows.
C．The distance travelled.	D．Better job opportunities.

2. Why does the author compare an unmarried young man with an older man with a family?

A．Because they differ in their abilities to learn a new language and customs.

B．Because different stages of lives will lead to their different decisions about migration.

C．Because their abilities to compete for a better job or a better farm land are different.

D．Because the older one is more likely to be accepted into the mainstream of the new society.

3. We can infer from the passage that _______________.

A．Push-pull factors are so strong as to be more important than intervening factors.

B．Pull factors may include one’s difficulty in finding a job or suffering from famine.

C．New immigrants always need to suffer great hardships to fit in with the new environment.

D．The same push-pull factors may exert similar effect on people with different personalities.

4. The purpose of the passage is to discuss _____________.

A．the motives of international migrants

B．the problems of international migrants

C．the migration problems inside the country

D．the adjustment problem among migrants