| A．A cold drink can be relaxing. |
| B．Scott and Tina like to play jocks on each other. |
| C．Humor can be helpful in embarrassing situations |
1. Who is the man?
| A．A repairman. | B．The woman’s husband. | C．the Kid’s tutor. |
| A．Tomorrow afternoon. | B．In a few weeks. | C．In a short time |
| A．The woman's children. | B．The woman. | C．The man. |
3 . Here at the New York magazine offices, not far from where I sit, is a very long walkway. When you see someone at the other end of it whom you barely know, you may feel quite awkward, at least if you’re an awkward person (which I am). For the next 15-20 seconds, you know you’ll be walking toward this person. Do you nod? Smile? Ignore? Some combination of the above? It’s strangely, deeply unpleasant.
This isn’t a problem unique to our office. I’m sure at some point you have been walking down the street, noticed an acquaintance—that is, someone you’re not going to stop and chat with—and then dealt with the awkwardness of walking toward the person but having no idea exactly how to handle the approach. Eye contact is the worst part of these situations. Basic etiquette(礼节)says we should make eye contact with others when we notice them, but basic etiquette, not to mention common sense, also says that maintaining eye contact with someone you’re not engaged in a conversation with is unpleasant.
Can anything be done about this? I emailed a couple of eye-contact experts to find out. It’s useful to realize that this isn’t as big a problem everywhere as it is here in New York. Ronald Riggio, a professor at Claremont McKenna College, pointed out that cultural factors may worsen the horrordor(horror corridor走廊眼神交流恐惧). “New York culture is different from my Californian culture, and in New York the cultural norm is to not make eye contact on the street, ” says Ronald Riggio. “ But in California people usually make firm eye contact and smile warmly.”
Cultural or not, this is a problem for many of us. Jeremy Nicholson, a psychologist from Yale University, says preparation is part of the battle against eye-contact awkwardness. “Before entering a long hallway, or walking on the street, take a moment to center yourself,” says Jeremy Nicholson. “Take a breath and be mindful of the world around you ( not just the thoughts in your head or the things in your pocket).” He also suggests trying to scowl(怒视) less in general before any hallway or street encounters( This is a piece of advice that might be a challenge for New Yorkers). “Develop the habit of softening your eyes and keeping a smile on your face in public,” says Jeremy Nicholson. “Most of us stare intently at screens most of the day and scowl, which becomes our typical expression. But human interaction is easier with a more positive expression.”
So what should you do when you’re actually walking toward someone? “ It seems dishonest to avoid any eye contact if you know someone,” says Ronald Riggio. He offers what is a pretty straightforward system: “Make eye contact at 30 ft., and then break eye contact. Next, make brief eye contact again at 10 ft., and then look straight ahead.”
This approach makes a certain sort of sense: You acknowledge the person when you first notice him. Then you break off eye contact, so the situation doesn’t become awkward. And then you make eye contact again when you’re passing the person, because to pass the person without another acknowledgement would also feel strange.
Jeremy Nicholson suggests that getting better at these sorts of encounters could bring other benefits as well—not just the avoidance of awkwardness. “In fact, some of those interactions may end up being pleasant coincidences, promotion opportunities, or reunions with old friends,” says Jeremy Nicholson. “So, breaking the habits of hiding in our phones and tuning the world out with music may be the best thing we can do for both our social lives and professional careers.”
1. What is the author afraid of in the workplace?| A．Greeting his colleagues on the walkway. |
| B．Communicating while working in his office. |
| C．Coming across acquaintances and reacting badly. |
| D．Pretending to be friendly towards everyone at work. |
| A．what topic to speak on | B．how to make eye contact |
| C．what expression to put on | D．how to avoid other’s attention |
| A．Have your attention concentrated. | B．Try to be self-centered for a while. |
| C．Make yourself the center of the crowd. | D．Regard yourself as the most important. |
| A．Absolutely ideal. | B．Highly complex. | C．Hardly practical. | D．Reasonable enough. |
| A．Always wearing a happy smile. | B．Taking every chance to avoid it. |
| C．Improving communication skills. | D．Being open to your surroundings. |
4 . “Mom, I don’t want to go!” In Inchon Airport, people were
After a 13-hour flight, I arrived at the Culver Academies, where I spent the last four of my
One day after school, on my way back to my
I went back to my dorm as always. Girls were
“Hi, I’m Min-Kyung, a
The sky was high, the wind was warm, trees were green, and I flew.
1.| A．carefully | B．happily | C．steadily | D．busily |
| A．argument | B．stage | C．scene | D．plane |
| A．left off | B．shook off | C．held out | D．threw up |
| A．brave | B．unwilling | C．free | D．able |
| A．eventually | B．frequently | C．similarly | D．occasionally |
| A．ordering | B．waiting | C．struggling | D．hiding |
| A．hard | B．common | C．teenage | D．old |
| A．memory | B．cry | C．meal | D．game |
| A．noise | B．world | C．darkness | D．picture |
| A．greeting | B．introducing | C．visiting | D．protecting |
| A．bedroom | B．dorm | C．workplace | D．home |
| A．encouraged | B．saved | C．treated | D．observed |
| A．trouble | B．decision | C．difference | D．attempt |
| A．ground | B．box | C．base | D．break |
| A．because | B．so | C．or | D．though |
| A．escaping | B．digging | C．guiding | D．helping |
| A．preparing | B．fearing | C．pretending | D．admitting |
| A．taught | B．served | C．requested | D．gathered |
| A．food | B．note | C．head | D．book |
| A．new | B．wise | C．kind | D．skillful |
When I was mostly in middle school and high school I was tormented because I was ugly. It still happens from time to time. But it was much worse in middle school and first year of high school. Random strangers would call me ugly. Once I was walking to school and the boys behind told his friend “yo, that girl is mad ugly.” Another incident I had was in the bus filled with rowdy kids and as I pushed the door to get out, a kid I walked by saying “ugly bitch.” I had groups of girls also say that to me and would give me nasty faces. I barely have any friends due to this and that fact though I’ve been very academic all the time.
All of this has put me into depression. I do not like most boys and they don’t like me because I am not pretty enough and treat me like crap because of it. I get very anxious to be in public a lot and in school as I still have groups of mean girls staring me down and boys too. I have enough of feelings like an alien, I replay these horrible memories over and hate it, I hate I was born with this face, why couldn’t everyone be born equally beautiful? How can I get over this pain and not be so anxious? I think I am hideous, especially the sides of my face.
1. 用约30个词概括上文的主要内容；
2. 用约120个词就“如何看待一个人的外表”的主题发表看法，内容包括:
（1） 你对一个人外表的看法和理解；
（2） 如果你是文中女孩同班同学，你该如何帮她摆脱困境？(至少两条)
【写作要求】
1. 阐述观点或提供论据时，不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
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There’s a contradiction in the way many of us behave online: we know we’re being watched all the time, and disapprove of the monitor by Google and the government. But the bounds of what’s considered too personal to be uploaded or shared online seems to shrink by the day.
I complain about the lack of privacy, for example, and yet I willingly and routinely trade it for convenience. I no longer run the risk of unforeseen delays on public transport; Google Maps will inform me of the fastest route to my destination; I no longer need to remember my friends’ birthdays; Facebook will urge me, and invariably appeal to me to post an update to remind people I exist. All I have to do is make my location, habits and beliefs transparent to their parent companies whenever they choose to check in on me.
So what’s going on? “Visibility is a trap,” explained the French philosopher Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison (1975). Allowing oneself to be watched, and learning to watch others, is both attractive and dangerous. He took for example “Panopticon”, a prison where prisoners were observed from a tower manned by an invisible occupant. The prisoners would believe in the presence of the mysterious watchman, whether or not anyone was actually inside, and behave themselves.
According to Foucault, the dynamics of the Panopticon are similar to how generally people self-monitor in society. In the presence of ever-watching witness, people police themselves. They don’t know what the observers are looking for, or what the punishments are for disobedience (不顺从). But they willingly accept and follow this invisible discipline.
Foucault claimed that such monitoring is worrisome, not just because of what companies and states might do with our data, but because the act of watching is itself a terrible exercise of power, which may influence behavior without our fully realizing it.
But something’s not right here. Why does the self-display continue when we are sure that we are watched from everywhere and nowhere?
Social media provides a public space that often operates more like a private one, where many people hold the belief that there they won’t suffer the consequences of what they say online, as if protected by technology.
Plato would be alarmed by the lack of shame online. His point about moral knowledge is this: we already know the right way to live a just and fulfilling life, but are constantly distracted(转移) from that noble aim. For him, then, shame helps us be true to ourselves and to pay attention to the moral knowledge within. A man without shame, Plato says, is a slave to desire — for material goods, power, fame, respect. Such desire, by its nature, cannot be satisfied.
| Phenomenon | While people hate being monitored, the | |
| My experience | I complain about the lack of privacy but still exchange it for convenience. | |
| convenience | * I * Facebook will remind me of my friends’ birthdays, and appeal to me to be updated. | |
| cost | I must make my | |
| Michel Foucault’s explanations | Idea: Visibility is a trap. | |
| An analogy: * In the Panopticon, prisoners behave themselves just because they believed they were watched by an * In real life, the way people self-monitor Panopticon. They willingly follow the invisible discipline. | ||
| Worr ies: Our data may be | ||
| Reasons for contraction | Though being watched, self-display continues because some netizens think that they don’t need to take | |
| Conclusion | *Shame is essential in leading a just and fulfilling life. *Shame helps us stay true to ourselves and focus on our *Shame can | |
7 . Have you ever wondered how the trainers at Sea World get the 19,000-pound whale to jump 22 feet out of water and perform tricks? They get that whale to go over a rope farther out of the water than most of us can imagine.
So how do the trainers at Sea World do it? The first thing they do is reinforce(强化) the behavior that they want repeated --- in this case, to get the whale to go over the rope.
Positive reinforcement is the key of that simple principle that produces such splendid results. And as the whale begins to go over the rope more often than under, the trainers begin to raise the rope. It must be raised slowly enough so that the whale doesn’t starve.
So we need to set up the circumstances so that people can’t fail. Over-celebrate, under-criticize…and know how far to raise the rope.
| A．This is a great challenge |
| B．And the whale stays right where it is |
| C．If we figure out a way to motivate the whale |
| D．They start with the rope below the surface of the water |
| E．If we under-criticize, punish and discipline less than expected |
| F．Whales are taught that their negative behavior won’t be acknowledged |
| G．The simple lesson to be learned from the whale trainers is to over-celebrate |
1. How is the man going to Sun College?
| A．By bike. | B．On foot. | C．By car. |
| A．A few yards. | B．2 blocks away. | C．20 minutes’ walk. |
| A．At Rain Avenue. | B．At Mass Hospital. | C．At the Farmers’ Bank. |
1. Where did the man meet Claudia?
| A．On the Internet. | B．At a music store. | C．At a class discussion |
| A．Web friends. | B．Close friends. | C．Boyfriend and girlfriend. |
| A．Arriving on time. | B．Using her family name. | C．Bringing her some flowers |
10 . Like toolmaking,teaching was once thought to be an exclusive capacity of the human mind.It is not actually.
“Teaching”requires this:one individual must take time from their own task to demonstrate and instruct with effort and the student must learn a new skill.That’s a tall order.
When a young chimpanzee watches a skilled adult and then imitates ,that’s learning.But the adult has not taken time specifically to instruct,so it is not teaching.In the honeybees’ amazing dance,the dancer takes time to indicate information about a source of food,but observers learn no new skill.They do take time to show,but they do not pass on new skills to learners.
Dolphins teach.Atlantic spotted dolphin mothers sometimes free a caught fish in the presence of their youngsters and let their youngsters chase it,catching it again if it’s getting away.Dolphin youngsters also position themselves alongside mothers who are scanning sandy bottoms for hidden fish,and the mother spends extra time demonstrating.
Other teachers include:housecats who bring back live prey and let their young learn to catch it,and meerkats(猫鼬) who first bring to their growing young dead scorpions(蝎子), then disabled ones,to demonstrate how to remove the poisonous part on their tails.
Like toolmaking and teaching,imitation is also considered to reflect high intelligence.In South Africa lived a baby dolphin named Dolly.One day while she was just six months old,Dolly was watching a trainer standing at the window smoking a cigarette,blowing puffs of smoke.Dolly swam to her mother,got a mouthful of milk,then returned to the window and released a cloud of milk that surrounded her head.The trainer was“absolutely astonished”.Somehow Dolly came up with the idea of using milk to represent smoke.Using one thing to represent something else isn’t just imitation.It is art.
1. What does the underlined phrase“a tall order”probably mean in paragraph 2?| A．A clear instruction. |
| B．A high risk. |
| C．A difficult requirement. |
| D．useful purpose. |
| A．Presenting. | B．Learning. |
| C．Imitating. | D．Teaching. |
| A．Bees show their dance to younger generations. |
| B．Housecats teach in a way similar to dolphins. |
| C．Young dolphins must learn how to free a fish. |
| D．Meerkats have poisonous parts on the tails. |
| A．To prove smoking can affect other animals. |
| B．To explain dolphins are capable of making art. |
| C．To show animals can be surprisingly intelligent. |
| D．To stress milk is to dolphins what smoking is to men. |
