1 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

It's undeniable: Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. There's the excitement of doing what has never been done before-the feeling that you're living in the future. And when you're the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot gadget, people stare in fascination. They ask you questions. They see you as the holder of powerful, secret knowledge-for a little while, until the next big thing comes along. People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Don't fall into the early adopter trap. Don't join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware; instead, wait and see.

To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be. Companies are presumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and they know that there are serious tech-lovers who will pay a great deal to be first. Once the revenues from early adopters' purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about U. S. $200 only eight months after its release. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time. Prices of gadgets will fall shortly after release, and they will likely keep falling. Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market. Further, electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete (废弃的)so quickly. This means that early adopters pay the maximum price for an item that does not hold onto its value. The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months.

Speaking of becoming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk (三野志) wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and troubleshooters. Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, don't be among the first users. If you wait to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget, you can look forward to a smoother experience—or choose a less troublesome product.

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2 . We're told that writing is dying. Typing on keyboards and screens   _______ written communication today. Learning cursive(草书)，joined-up handwriting was once _______ in schools. But now, not so much. Countries such as Finland have dropped joined-up handwriting lessons in schools _______ typing courses. And in the U. S. , the requirement to learn cursive has been left out of core standards since 2013. A few U. S. states still place value on formative cursive education, such as Arizona, but they're not the _______•

Some experts point out that writing lessons can have indirect   _______. Anne Trubek, author of The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting, argues that such lessons can reinforce a skill called automaticity. That's when you've perfected a task, and can do it almost without thinking, _______ you extra mental bandwidth to think about or do other things while you're doing the task. In this sense, Trubek likens handwriting to _______.

"Once you have driven for a while, you don't _______ think ' Step on gas now' [or]   Turn the steering wheel a bit'，'‘ she explains. "You just do it. That's what we want children to _______ when learning to write. You and I don't think ' now make a loop going up for the T ' —or ' now look for the letter ' r' on the keyboard. "Trubek has written many essays and books on handwriting, and she doesn't believe it will die out for a very long time, "if ever". But she believes students are learning automaticity faster with keyboards than with handwriting: students are learning how to type without looking at the keys at   __________ages, and to type faster than they could write, granting them extra time to think about word choice or sentence structure. In a piece penned (if you'll pardon the expression) for the New York Times last year, Trubek argued that due to the improved automaticity of keyboards, today's children may well become better communicators in text as __________ takes up less of their education. This is a(n) __________ that has attracted both criticism and support.

She explains that two of the most common arguments she hears from detractors regarding the decline of handwriting is that not __________ it will result in a “loss of historyand a   loss of persona] touch ".

On the former she __________that 95% of handwritten manuscripts can't be read by the average person anyway—"that's why we have paleographers," she explains, paleography being the study of ancient styles of writing一while the latter refers to the warm __________we give to handwritten personal notes, such as thank-you cards. Some educators seem to agree, at least to an extent.

1.

A．abandons

B．dominates

C．enters

D．absorbs

2.

A．compulsory

B．opposite

C．crucial

D．relevant

3.

A．in want of

B．in case of

C．in favour of

D．in addition to

4.

A．quantity

B．minimum

C．quality

D．majority

5.

A．responsibility

B．benefits

C．resources

D．structure

6.

A．granting

B．getting

C．bringing

D．coming

7.

A．sleeping

B．driving

C．reviewing

D．operating

8.

A．eventually

B．constantly

C．equivalently

D．consciously

9.

A．adopt

B．reach

C．acquire

D．activate

10.

A．slower

B．later

C．faster

D．earlier

11.

A．handwriting

B．adding

C．forming

D．understanding

12.

A．trust

B．look

C．view

D．smile

13.

A．containing

B．spreading

C．choosing

D．protecting

14.

A．commits

B．counters

C．completes

D．composes

15.

A．associations

B．resources

C．procedures

D．interactions

3 . Geographers are interested in the spatial patterns observed on earth. Bridging the natural and social sciences, Geography is the interdisciplinary study of environments and how people interact with the environment. It is important to study geography because many of the world's problems require understanding the interdependence between human activities and the environment. Geography is therefore a beneficial major for students because its theories and methods provide them with analytical skills relevant to occupations focused on solving social and environmental problems. The Department of Geography offers eight majors that help students tailor their focus of study.

The Geography—Globalization and Development major will provide students with a sophisticated understanding of contemporary global issues and a geographical framework for analyzing key issues involved in national and international development. Reflecting the discipline of geography as a whole, this major emphasizes an integrated approach to studying the relationship of global change to individual and community well-being by combining the benefits of area studies with theoretical and topical investigations in the curriculum.

Our department is committed to excellence in both teaching and advising. Several of our faculty members have received teaching awards, and we are known across campus for the quality of our advising. As a geography major, you will meet one-on-one with your faculty advisor every semester during advising week, and you are always welcome to talk with your advisor at any time throughout the semester whenever questions may arise. In addition to advising our students about their academic programs, we provide timely information about internships, nationally competitive awards, and other opportunities as they arise. Many of our students complete internships and several of our students over the last few years have received nationally competitive awards.

For more information about our program, please visit our website, or contact our Undergraduate Chair, whose information is listed above. Admissions Information

Freshmen/First-Year Admission

No requirements beyond University admission requirements.

Change of Program Policy

No selective or limited admission requirements.

External Transfer Admission

No requirements beyond University admission requirements.

Opportunities Upon Graduation

With a liberal arts degree in Geography—Globalization and Development, students are prepared for employment in a variety of fields, including non-profit and government work, particularly in the areas of community and international development. This degree will also prepare students well to work in the private sector in an international context. Graduates from this program will also be well situated to continue on to graduate school or law school, with research and professional interest in academic fields, including, but not limited to, geography, public affairs and policy, development studies, and community and regional planning.

Browse through dozens of internship opportunities and full-time job postings for Ohio University students and alumni on Handshake, OHIO'S key resource for researching jobs, employers, workshops, and professional development events.

1. Who can be selected as the target of the geography course in the passage?

A．A freshman who has studied in a university.

B．A college student majoring in geography.

C．A senior high school graduate interested in geography.

D．A high school graduate who wants to find a job.

2. What are the advantages of choosing the geography major in this university in terms of employment?

A．Acquiring skills to solve social and environmental problems.

B．Understanding contemporary global issues.

C．Getting one-on-one information on geography teaching.

D．Achieving more international opportunities.

3. Where is the most likely place to read this passage?

A．In a magazine.

B．On the university website.

C．In a geographic journal.

D．On the enrollment information network.

4 . “Our research has shown that the No. 1 reason people become fans is that it's your connection to your first community,” said Adam Earnhardt, chairman of the communications department at Youngstown State University and co-author of Sports Fans, Identity and Socialization: Exploring the Fandemonium. “I don't care if a Seattle fan moves to China, he or she carries with them their love for the sports teams,” he said. “    1    ”

    2     And when a team begins to catch fire, as with, say, the Mariners in ' 95 or the Seahawks of recent vintage, well, it's easy to get swept up in the wave.

“It's phenomenal,” said Simons. “We have this ability to understand other people so remarkably that their victories literally become ours. Our testosterone literally responds to their victory.     3     They're us, and competing on a literal level as us—a little extension of us.

Professor Robert Cialdini at Arizona State University came up with the term BIRG— Basking In Reflected Glory—to describe the intense pride fans feel when their teams succeed. It can be used as a verb, as in, "Seahawks' fans are currently BIRGing up a storm." The counterpoint, as coined by researchers C. R. Snyder, Mary Anne Lassergard and Carol E. Ford, is the concept of CORFing—Cutting Off Reflected Failure.     4    We've all heard it in action: We won, but they lost.

This leads into another concept, that of cognitive bias, also known as confirmation bias, which causes fans to help explain away defeats by blaming outside factors, such as referees. I'm sure it would also help explain why Seahawks fans rallied around Richard Sherman after his postgame interview, rationalizing behavior that was widely criticized by many fans with no vested interest. It could also explain the notion of "eustress", invented by endocrinologist Hans Selye to refer to a combination of euphoria(极度愉快的心情)and stress, such as that resulting from watching tense sporting events. Indeed, it's much of the appeal.

A．It means that different team is accessible to you.

B．Belonging to your favorite team stimulates your confidence.

C．That identity is first and foremost.

D．The more we follow a team, the deeper the bond becomes.

E．In that sense, your favorite team can serve the same purpose as church and family: Fostering a sense of belonging.

F．This refers to the inclination by fans to distance themselves from their team after a defeat.

5 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. counting B. determined C. distraction D. environmental E. focus   F. modified G. naturally H. performing I. worsening J. comprehensively K. significant

Myopia, or short-sightedness, is a condition in which distant objects appear blurred (模糊 的)，but closer objects can usually be seen in sharp focus. Its biological basis is an eye that, during childhood, has grown too long for its optical power. The focal plane for images of distant objects ends up in front of the retina, causing out-of-     1    perception.

Myopia was once regarded as almost totally genetically     2    . But its prevalence (流行)has increased spectacularly in urban mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan and South Korea, where 80—90% of those completing high school are now short-sighted. This is up from 20——30% only two generations ago. Since gene pools do not change that fast, these massive changes must be due to     3     change. In 2005, we     4     reviewed the research on myopia and found a correlation with education. ( This was not a particularly novel insight； such a link was supposed as far back as Kepler in 1604. ) We found locations with a high prevalence of myopia were all top performers in surveys of international educational outcomes.

Fortunately, not all high-       5            locations, Australia among them, showed a high prevalence of myopia. This shows that high educational outcomes do not necessarily lead to myopia. We also hypothesized that all human population groups had a tendency to develop myopia under particular environmental conditions. Indeed, North America and Europe have seen growing rates of myopia, although they are still nowhere near as high as in East and Southeast Asia.

A common cutoff for high myopia is - 5 diopters (屈光度).This means vision is blurred beyond 20cm from the eyes. Such severe or high myopia increases with age and can lead to visual impairment that can't be corrected. The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia, which foreshadows major increases in visual     6    and blindness as these young adults age. So prevention of myopia has become crucial, particularly for East and Southeast Asia.

Australia has     7    low levels of myopia with a lifestyle that emphasizes outdoors activities. Young children report spending two to three hours a day outside, not     8     time outdoors at school. However, there are formidable barriers to achieving this benchmark in locations where spending time outdoors is seen as a (n)     9     from study. Policy responses must therefore also aim to slow the progression of myopia, the phenomenon in which mild to     10     myopia becomes more severe during childhood. There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression, but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may.

6 . Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假如你是李敏，在一本英文旅游杂志上，你发现了这样一条信息：某古城景区对当地人 收费5美元,对外国人收费15美元,针对这一情况，请你以李敏的口吻给该杂志编辑写一封 信，具体要求如下：
1. 介绍一下你在杂志上看到的内容；
2. 针对此事自己的态度以及理由。
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7 . Write an English composition in 120)-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假如你是明后中学的李华，你的朋友李楠给你写了一封信，告诉你他要开发一个新的APP，用这个软件共享衣服，想要征集大家的看法，你是否愿意共享你的衣服，给出理由（信的格式已给）。
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8 . More people are travelling than ever before, and lower harriers to entry and falling costs means they are doing so for _______ periods.

The rise of “city breaks” --48-hour bursts of foreign cultures, easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers, but not their _______ spread. The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Venice for decades, and visitors use the same infrastructure as residents to reach them. “Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time,” says Font. “For _______, the city no longer belongs to them.”

This starts with marketing, says Font, who notes that Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek _______ outside of the city centre on its official website. “That takes some balls, really to do that. But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents they’re doing all they can to ease congestion.”

But it also _______ a better way, it is called “detourism”: sustainable travel tips an _______ itineraries for exploring an authentic Venice, off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year.

A greater variety of _______ for prospective visitors ------ ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example, or outside of the city center ------ can have the effect of diverting them from already saturated landmarks, or _______ short breaks away in the first place. Longer stays _______ the pressure, says Font. If you go to Paris for two days, you’re going to go to the Eiffel Tower. “If you go for two weeks, you’re not going to go to the Eiffel Tower 14 times.”

Similarly, repeat visitors have a better sense of the __________, “We should be asking how we get tourists to __________, not how to get them to come for the first time. If they’re coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behavior with ours.”

Local governments can foster this sustainable activity by giving preference to responsible operator and even high-paying consumers. Font says cities could stand to be more selective about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are, and how far they’ve come. “You’re thinking, ‘yeah but at what cost...’.”

He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourists for spending an average of €40 more per day than French tourist as a(n) __________ that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint. __________ tourists are also more likely to be repeat visitors that come at off-peak times, buy local produce, and __________ to less crowded parts of the city ------ all productive steps towards more __________ tourism, and more peaceful relations with residents.

1.

A．longer

B．shorter

C．wider

D．clearer

2.

A．environmental

B．national

C．economic

D．geographic

3.

A．locals

B．tourists

C．visitors

D．cleaners

4.

A．transports

B．accommodation

C．restaurants

D．service

5.

A．addresses

B．paves

C．proposes

D．receives

6.

A．separate

B．individual

C．alternative

D．objective

7.

A．reform

B．guidance

C．invitation

D．support

8.

A．convincing

B．discouraging

C．preventing

D．resisting

9.

A．pace

B．escape

C．withstand

D．ease

10.

A．culture

B．knowledge

C．entertainment

D．ability

11.

A．take over

B．bring up

C．come back

D．lay off

12.

A．distinction

B．harmony

C．association

D．comparison

13.

A．French

B．Italian

C．Spanish

D．German

14.

A．carry out

B．give into

C．spread out

D．impact on

15.

A．slight

B．complex

C．temporary

D．sustainable

9 . It is 9:05 a.m. and a group of Chinese businessmen are outside a hotel conference room in Sao Paulo, waiting for their Brazilian (巴西的) hosts. The meeting was scheduled to start five minutes ago, but, like many meetings in Brazil, it did not start on time. The Brazilians arrive, complaining loudly about the morning’s traffic and go immediately to breakfast. Cultural differences between the two countries become clear.

In 2009, China replaced the US as Brazil’s biggest trading partner. As a result，Brazilian companies are keen to understand the Chinese better and find the best way to do business together.

For companies already working with China, getting to know the culture is a priority. At Chinbra, São Paulo’s biggest Chinese language school, students, who mainly work in the import business, take evening classes to learn Chinese. About half the lesson is about culture issues. They ask questions such as “Should I give my business card with two hands?” and “What presents should I give-something Brazilian?”

Some business deals fail because of small things like a misunderstood e-mail. “In addition to language problems, there is also a lack of cultural understanding between the two countries.” says Charles Tang, president of the Brazil-China Chamber of Commerce.

One big issue is timing. For successful deals with the Chinese, it is important to be on time for meetings and to meet deadlines.                                In Brazil, because of high inflation (通货膨胀) during the 1980s and early 1990s and many failed plans, long-term planning was not a priority. Today, many companies still prefer to plan as they go along and fix problems when they happen. The Chinese are totally different. They like to plan everything in advance and in detail.

1. According to paragraph 1, Brazilians are most likely to ________ when they host international conferences.

A．have breakfast	B．make it a priority to arrive on time
C．warn of the bad local traffic conditions	D．be late and keep their guests waiting

2. What do students focus on at Chinbra?

A．Practical tips jellyfish on doing import business.

B．Proper manners in multinational companies.

C．The Chinese language and cultural knowledge.

D．The survival skills needed in Chinese companies.

3. Which of the following sentences best fits in the blank in the last paragraph?

A．Another issue is planning.	B．It’s a matter of principle.
C．Otherwise conflict will arise.	D．Things may differ elsewhere.

10 . How You Will Really Keep Your Eye on the Ball

A new way of electronically tracking the high-speed movement of a ball through the air could     1     change the way sport is televised.

A Wembley dentist, Michael Godin, has invented a way of following the path of the ball and then using a computer to make this much clearer on the screen.

His work began when one of his friends told him that squash (壁球) was not televised because the ball moved too jellyfish fast to be picked up by     2     (tradition) cameras. Using his dentistry     3     (equip), he made holes in the surface of a squash ball and filled them with reflective materials. When lights shine on the ball, it looks like a bright comet (彗星).

Godin is not a crazy sports fan, but he thinks a lot of televised sport is     4     (pleasant) because the ball cannot be clearly seen. “In golf，for example, the ball is so small that the only way they can make it     5     (vision) is to move the cameras in the same direction as the ball, so that the ball stays as a spot in the middle of the screen. You     6     (loss) the excitement of the speed of the ball and a sense of its relationship with its surroundings.”

Godin’s     7     (invent), a TAIP camera, removes the ball from the camera frame, electronically makes a new, stronger image and puts this on the screen-all in half a second. The computer can     8     (large) the ball to any size, paint it any colour, make it flash and even make it change colour against the background.

With this process,     9     (view) should be able to see a great deal of what goes on in ball games for which at present they have to use their     10     (imagine). In soccer, the path of the ball could be shown as a continuous line. And in tennis, the ball’s movements could be shown as one uninterrupted line, too.