1 . People think of cats as cute. But research published in a psychology journal calls them neurotic (神经质的) and unstable. Researchers from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland and the Bronx Zoo in New York compared the personalities of domestic house cats with those of four different types of wildcats.

To better understand their personalities, the researchers rated a number of animals behaviors on what psychologists call the Big Five human personality traits (特征).

Domestic house cats have similar personality structures to African lions. “It’s what cats do pretty much on a daily basis, things like being anxious, being timid, being excitable, being aggressive toward humans, being aggressive toward each other, ”said Max Wachtel, a Denver psychologist who didn’t participate in the study. “All of those are characteristics you see in those cute little house cats, and you also see them in lions.”

If you ever thought your cat was anxious, insecure, tense, suspicious or aggressive toward you, you aren’t making it up, he said. If they were bigger, they probably would consider killing you.

But the news isn’t all bad: Just like lions, house cats are also playful, excitable and impulsively funny. They just aren’t very predictable. One moment cats will be enjoying bell scratches, and the next they will be biting you to make you stop.

“It is good to understand the personality characteristics of our pets,” Wachtel said “Different cats have different personalities, but as a species, there are a lot of commonalities.”

The researchers also studied personality traits of Scottish wildcats and some other animals “Across the five species we assessed, personality structure was strikingly similar and also seemed to be related to other studies’ findings, such as in tigers,” the researchers wrote in their study in the November 2014 issue of the Journal of Comparative Psychology. But house cats were most like lions, potentially because they live in semi-social surroundings and lions are the most social of cats.

“They’re cute and furry, but we need to remember when we have cats as pets, we are inviting little predators into our house,” Wachtel said. “Cats can be fantastic, sweet companions—until they turn on you.”

1. Cats can be described as _____.

A．funny and safe

B．playful and stable

C．fantastic and devoted

D．neurotic and unpredictable

2. How did the researchers conduct the research?

A．By making comparisons.	B．By analyzing cause and effect.
C．By giving examples.	D．By providing explanations.

3. Which of the following “turn on” shares the same meaning as the underlined phrase?

A．The book really turned me on to science.

B．Upon entering the room, he turned on the light.

C．The hungry suddenly turned on each other for food.

D．The trial turned on the medical evidence presented by the defense.

4. Which of the following can be used as a suitable title?

A．Cats are best pets.

B．Domestic cats and wildcats.

C．Your cat may want to kill you.

D．Different cats, different personalities.

2 . According to a new study， teens focus on rewards and have a hard time learning to avoid punishment or consider the consequences of alternative actions.

University College London researchers compared how teens and adults learn to make choices based on the available information. They tracked the way in which 18 volunteers aged 12-17 and 20 volunteers aged 18-32 completed tasks in which they had to choose between abstract symbols.

Each symbol was consistently associated with a fixed chance of a reward, punishment, or no outcome. As the trial progressed ， participants learned which symbols were likely to lead to each outcome and adjusted their choices accordingly. Teens and adults were equally good at learning to choose symbols associated with reward， but teens were less good at avoiding symbols associated with punishment. Adults also performed significantly better when they were told what would have happened if they had chosen the other symbol after each choice， while teens did not appear to take this information into account.

“From this experimental lab study we can draw conclusions about learning during the teen years. We find that teens and adults learn in different ways， something that might be relevant to education," said lead author Dr. Stefano Palminteri. " Unlike adults, teens are not so good at learning to adjust their choices to avoid punishment. This suggests that incentive systems based on reward rather than punishment may be more effective for this age group. Additionally, we found that teens did not learn from being shown what would have happened if they made alternative choices."

To interpret the results, the researchers developed computational models of learning and ran simulations （模拟）applying them to the results of the study. The first was a simple model, one that learned from rewards, and the second model added to this by also learning from the option that was not chosen. The third model was the most complete and took the full context into account, with equal weight given to punishment avoidance and reward seeking. For example, obtaining no outcome rather than losing a point is weighted equally to gaining a point rather than having no outcome.

Comparing the experimental data to the models, the team found that teens" behavior followed the simple reward-based model while adults" behavior matched the complete, contextual model. “Our study suggests that teens are more receptive to rewards than they are to punishments of equal value, ” said senior author Dr. Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. “As a result, it may be useful for parents and teachers to frame things in more positive terms.”

1. It can be learned from the study that .

A．adults made choices faster than teens

B．adults understood rewards better than teens

C．teens reacted better to reward than punishment

D．teens were aware of the outcome of each choice

2. What do we know about the three computational models?

A．They reflected people’s strong desire for punishment avoidance.

B．They gave circumstances different degrees of consideration.

C．They paid equal attention to reward and punishment.

D．They shaped the behavior of people at different ages.

3. The underlined word “receptive" in the last paragraph probably means .

A．accustomed	B．opposed
C．sympathetic	D．responsive

4. According to the writer, which of the following statements works best for teens?

A．“If you insist on doing things in this way， you will lose ten points. "

B．“If we had talked about this earlier， you wouldn’t have made the mistake. "

C．“ If you hand in your assignment ahead of time， you will get an extra bonus."

D．“If you want to approach a problem differently ， you can talk to your parents. "

3 . 阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。

Once, there lived a poor man in a small village. He was very clever but didn't want     1    (work) at all. He lived on     2     the villagers gave him every day. One day he got a basket of eggs     3       a kind lady. He began to think that he would save eggs until they were in short supply. Then he could earn a small amount of money by     4     (sell) them at a-very good price. And then he would buy a couple of goats.   Very soon, he would have     5     large group of goats. The goat milk would bring him much more money. With the money, he would buy a cow.    6     (it)milk would bring him a lot of money. He would become much    7    (rich ), build a big house and marry a pretty woman. They would have a lot of     8     (child). While he was lost in thought,     9    (unlucky ), he fell over a stone and all the eggs dropped onto the ground. He was very sad. That     10     (bring) an end to the man's beautiful dream.

4 . 请阅读下面一篇短文，并按要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。
As bike-sharing booms in China, a guideline was released by the government to promote a new form of the sharing economy - this time involving vehicles.

Car-sharing, which provides an alternative for people to travel in cities, will be the new innovation in a service model. The released guideline focuses on legal status, insurance and regular maintenance of cars before they join sharing services. It encourages the development of car-sharing, which is expected to reduce the liking to individually buy vehicles and ease traffic congestion amid a surge in recent years of private-car ownership.
“However, there is a long way to before the purpose of the guideline comes true,” said Xia Xueluan, a professor of sociology. “First, a car costs at least 100.000 yuan, almost 500 times that for a shared bicycle. Besides, shared cars also take the same spaces as other private cars, so parking will be another problem.”
“Meanwhile, traditional car rental companies are competing with the emerging car-sharing business. It’s estimated the charges will be almost the same for both forms of cars rentals,” Xia said. “How to survive fierce competition will remain a challenge for car-sharing providers,” he added.
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上述文章的主要内容；
2. 请你就共享汽车的话题发表观点。
(1) 为什么要发展共享汽车；
(2) 如何才能更好地发展共享汽车。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句:
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称:
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 . Sam， I say to myself as I start across the bridge， you must stop these thoughts and start thinking about what to do now that you have lost your falcon（猎鹰）， Frightful．

Life， my friend Bando once said， is meeting problems and solving them whether you are an amoeba or a space traveler． I have a problem． I have to provide my younger sister Alice and myself with meat． Fish， nuts， and vegetables， are good and necessary， but they don't provide enough fuel for the hard physical work we do． Although we have venison（鹿肉） now， I can't always count on getting it． So far this year， our venison has been only road kill from in front of Mrs． Strawberry's farm．

I decide to take the longest way home， down the flood plain of the West Branch of Delaware to Spilkill， my own name for a fast stream， that cascades down the south face of the mountain range I'm on． I need time to think． Perhaps Alice and I should be like the early Eskimos． We should walk， camp and hunt， and when the seasons change， walk on to new food sources． But I love my tree and my mountaintop．

Another solution would be to become farmers， like the people of the Iroquois Confederacy who once lived here． They settled in villages and planted corn and squash（南瓜）， bush beans and berries． We already grow groundnuts in the damp soil and squash in the poor land． But the Iroquois also hunted game． I can't do that anymore

I'm back where I started from．

Slowly climb the Spillkill． As I hop from rock to rock beneath shady basswoods and hemlocks， I hear the cry of the red﹣tailed hawk who nests on the mountain crest． I am reminded of Frightful and my heart aches． I can almost hear her call my name， Cree， cree， car﹣ree．

Maybe l can get her back if l beg the man who is in charge of the peregrines（游隼） university． "But it's the law，" he would say． L could write to the president of the United states and ask him to make an exception of Alice and me． That won't work． The president swore to upload the constitution（宪法） and laws of the United States when he took office．

I climbed on． I must stop thinking about the impossible and solve the problem of what to do now． I must find a new way to provide for us． Frightful is going to be in good hands at the university and she will have young．

I smile at the thought of little Frightfuls and lift my reluctant feet．

When I am fat above the river，1take of my clothes and moccasins（鹿皮鞋） and bathe in a deep， clear pool until I am refreshed and thinking more clearly． Climbing up the bank， I dress and sit down． I breath deeply of the mountain air and try to solve my problem more realistically．

1. What does this excerpt（节选） main describe？

A．Delicate mental activity

B．Unique story environment

C．Complicated character relationship

D．Ever﹣changing story events

2. What is Sam's first worry？

A．The shortest way to go back．

B．Survival for Alice and himself

C．The safety of Frightful

D．How to get enough venison

3. What do we know about Frightful？

A．He left Sam and Alice due to lack of food．

B．He helped Sam hunt before being taken away

C．He is living with the red﹣tailed hawk happily

D．He is giving birth to babies in the university

4. Which of the following can best describe Sam？

A．Humorous

B．Aggressive

C．Responsible

D．Unrealistic

6 .

WIPO is the global forum for intellectual property services， policy， information and cooperation． We are a self﹣funding agency of the United Nations， with 191 member states． Our mission is to lead the development of a balanced and effective international intellectual property （IP） system that enables innovation and creativity for the benefit of all． Our mandate， governing bodies and procedures are set out in the WIPO convention， which established WIPO in 1967． ﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣ We run workshops and seminars throughout the year． The presentations and meeting documents are made available for downloading wherever possible here． Current and upcoming Case Study Workshop on Support for Intellectual Property Management in SMEs （IP Advantage） Meeting code WIPO/SMES/TYO/19 Date and venue January 29 to January 31， 2019 （Tokyo， Japan） Topic（s） Small and Medium﹣Sized Enterprises， Workshops and Seminars National Workshop on Intellectual Property Policies for Universities and Research Institutions Meeting code WIPO/IP/UNI/AMM/19 Date and venue March 19to March 20， 2019 （Tokyo， Japan） Topic（s） Intellectual Property， Workshops and seminars Consultation meetings with the Industrial Property Protections Directorate of the Ministry of Industry， Trade and supply and the main relevant institutions Meeting code WIPO/IP/MIN/AMM/19 Date and venue March 21， 2019 （Paris， France） Topics Intellectual Property， Workshops and seminars National seminar on collective management Meeting code WIPO/CCM/TLV/18 Date and venue April 19，2019 （Tel Aviv， Israel） Topics Collective Management of Intellectual Property （Copyright）， Workshops and seminars

1. We can know from the passage that　 　．

A．it is an article from the handbook of WIPO

B．governing bodies of all member states pay for the running of WIPO

C．it is intended for those interested in the knowledge of intellectual property

D．the mission of WIPO is to develop an effective system of innovation and Creativity

2. If one is interested in I management， he can attend a seminar in　 　．

A．Jordan or Israel

B．Israel or France

C．Amman or Tokyo

D．Tel Aviv or Tokyo

7 . After suffering severe bums to her back   and other pans of her body at the age of three， Sylvia，49， had spent her life covering up her scars． Her confidence was destroyed by years of_____comments． At her lowest she had considered_____her own life．

"I didn't really know what_____was． I didn't realize my menial health was being affected﹣I_____thought this was a_____thing．"

The accident that left her_____happened during a_____game of hide and seek with her sister． Afterward， a life of_____herself up and hiding from attention followed， until a turning point in July last year．

Sylvia was on holiday with her mother when she_____a man's camera phone following her around the hotel pool． She and her mother left for the beach， but she was struck by the_______the encounter had on her mother．

"I could see her_____at my scars． She just looked so sad，" Sylvia recalled．

So she started to_____， calling out to her mum to make her smile．

"I had been in such a bad place before． I was so_____． I was in such a horrible place for so many years． I looked back and felt like I'd destroyed my family s lives and I thought， now is the time for me to stop．"

Sylvia felt it was time not just to make a_____for herself， but to help others with disfigurements（外形的损毁）and to raise awareness．

She_____a Facebook group， Love Disfigure， and now runs swimming sessions at High bury pool in Is linton， north London， with the aim of helping increase the_____of people with disfigurements or_____and health conditions．

For Sylvia， last year has been_____． Having_____her body， and had depression， anxiety and post﹣traumatic stress disorder（创伤后应激障碍）she now hopes her story will_____others．

1.

A．hopeful

B．delightful

C．hurtful

D．regretful

2.

A．sharing

B．ending

C．enriching

D．sparing

3.

A．wonder

B．kindness

C．pity

D．depression

4.

A．even

B．just

C．seldom

D．almost

5.

A．formal

B．personal

C．social

D．physical

6.

A．scarred

B．disabled

C．surprised

D．scared

7.

A．neighborhood

B．parenthood

C．adulthood

D．childhood

8.

A．taking

B．holding

C．putting

D．covering

9.

A．kept

B．avoided

C．sensed

D．stopped

10.

A．impression

B．effect

C．suffering

D．doubt

11.

A．staring

B．glancing

C．glaring

D．watching

12.

A．hesitate

B．scream

C．pose

D．exchange

13.

A．optimistic

B．desperate

C．careful

D．negative

14.

A．sacrifice

B．profit

C．change

D．wish

15.

A．set up

B．set down

C．set out

D．set off

16.

A．knowledge

B．curiosity

C．desperation

D．confidence

17.

A．skin

B．leg

C．arm

D．back

18.

A．familiar

B．magic

C．serious

D．dangerous

19.

A．shown

B．tolerated

C．uncovered

D．hidden

20.

A．remind

B．require

C．inspire

D．inform

8 . Everybody knows the importance of drinking enough water.As we all know, drinking water benefits your skin, muscles and organs.    1    

The major reason for that is related to human biological needs.When you're a baby, you're 75 percent water.Then, as the years get higher, you get drier.    2       It helps you lose weight, according to a study from the University of Birmingham.

The researchers found that drinking 500 ml of water thirty minutes before a meal helped participants lose 10 more pounds than those who did not.    3     All participants were advised to improve their diet and physical activity levels.84 overweight adults were involved.Among them 41 were told to “preload” with water, while 43 were told to control their water intake before eating.After 12 weeks, the participants instructed to “preload” with water lost 2.87 pounds more than those in the control group on average.In addition, the participants preloading with water before each of their three main meals every day lost 9.48 pounds over the 12 weeks.    4    

Dr.Helen Parretti, a lecturer at the University of Birmingham, had this to say of the study:       5    Just drinking 500 ml of water, three times a day, before your main meals may help reduce your weight...and this could be an easy way for weight loss. Furthermore, it can be significant for an individual to lose extra weight, making a potential contribution to public health.

A．Another reason to drink water is right here.

B．The study began with a weight management consultation.

C．The beauty of these findings is that losing weight is simple.

D．But not everyone can get access to tap water in some areas.

E．It also helps prevent certain diseases and improve your mood.

F．In contrast, those preloading once a day or never, lost just 1.76 pounds.

G．So kids should drink more water instead of coke to keep healthy.

9 . 请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意:每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。

What is style? Style is the special visual paradigm centering on the visual symbol system. It is contained in the materialized products of daily life such as fashion, borne, architecture. horticulture; and environment. It is reflected in the creation of cultural products including literature, films and music. It is still a way of behavior and life that expresses specific customs. To sum up. style is not only the core of cultural products with visual, melodic, literal and abstract symbols, but also a way of life.

The style of China means the expression of Chinese elements. Chinese elements are the inheritance(传承)of cultural genes. The style of China relies on thousands of years of cultural accumulation(积累). It should not be limited to objects. It is supposed to express the Chinese cultural concept of Confucianism and Taoism. It must reflect the specific views of man and nature, man and objects as well as man and social relations.

The style of China ought to be oriented towards the world. It did influence the world. Silk and ceramics were the main products traded along the Silk Road. They contained rich Chinese culture. The thousand-year-old Silk Road spread the style of China to the West. And the craze for Chinoiserie(中国艺术品)was a popular fashion in European society at that time.

The style of China is the reproduction and variation of cultural genes. It is the inheritance along with innovation.

The style of China is duty-bound to select as always silk, bamboo, wood, stone clay, glass and porcelain. Meanwhile, the materials in modern industrial era like meats, glass and cement should be fully used. Besides, it is necessary to continue the concept of interactive space planning between man and nature and between man and man. It also needs to explore such new spaces as digitization, the Internet, virtual reality and artificial intelligence.

The style of China must show the transformation and promotion from Chinese manufacturing to Chinese creation. It relies on the manufacturing power and the industrial strength. The style of China presents to the world the image of a large industrial producer and a birthplace of global creativity.

The style of China represents not only the reconstruction of objects, but also the renewal of Chinese value system.

The style of China ought to rely on rich historical heritage(遗产), draw on strengths of others and keep up with the times. It should focus on the life of the general public, the world and the future.

Parts	Paragraphs	Main idea	Key information
1 (style)	1	what style is	● a special visual paradigm ●     1     in both materialized and cultural products ● a way of behavior and life
2 (Chinese style)	2	the     2     of Chinese style	● the expression of Chinese culture elements     3     over thousands of years. ● not only objects, but also cultural concept
	3	4     oriented	● once influenced the world with silk and ceramics along the Silk Road
	4-7	not only inheritance but also innovation	●     5     products like silk and porcelain should be selected ● Modern     6     and concept should also be used. ● from “made in China” to “    7     in China” ● reconstruction of objects     8     renewal of value system
	8	9	● traditional, open and     10     ● life-focused on the public, world and future

10 . Dear 17﹣year﹣old self，

When your Laker dream comes true tomorrow， you need to figure out a way to invest in the future of your family． This sounds simple， and you may think it's a no﹣brainer， but take some time to think on it further．

I said INVEST．

I did not say GIVE

Let me explain．

Purely giving material things to your siblings（兄弟姐妹） may appear to be right decision． So you buy them a car， a big house， pay， all of their bill． You want them to live a beautiful comfortable life， right？

But the day will come when you realize that as much as you believed you were doing the right thing， you were actually holding them back．

You will come to understand that you were taking care of them because it made YOU feel good， it made YOU happy to see them smiling and without a care in the world ﹣ and that was extremely selfish of you． While you were feeling satisfied with yourself， you were slowly eating away at their own dreams and ambitions． You were adding material things to their lives， but subtracting the most precious gifts of all．

Invest in their future， don't just give．

Use your success， wealth and influence to put them in the best position to realize their own dreams and find their true purpose． Put them through school， set them up with job interviews and help them become leaders in their own right． Hold them to the same level of hard work and dedication that it took for you to get to where you are now， and where you will eventually go．

I'm writing you now so that you can begin this process immediately， and so that you don't have to deal with the hurt and struggle of weaning（断绝） them off of the addiction that you facilitated That addiction only leads to anger， hatred and jealousy from everybody involved， including yourself．

As time goes on， you will see them grow independently and have their own ambitions and their own lives， and your relationship with all of them will be much better as a result．

Trust me， setting things up right from the beginning will avoid a ton of tears and headache， some of which remains to this day．

Much love，

1. What might be the best title of his letter？

A．To My Younger Self

B．For My Dear Family

C．To My Beloved Son

D．For My Older Self

2. What may be "the most precious gifts of all" in the underlined part？

A．Independence and growth

B．wealth and health

C．love and dedication

D．success and leadership

3. What can we infer from this letter？

A．The writer will stop offering his siblings help in the future．

B．The writer didn't think it a good fortune to become successful early．

C．The writer intends to remind others not to care too much about materials

D．The writer was once troubled by the relationship between him and his family．