1 . In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic(官僚主义的)management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-equipped factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious, seemingly because they might find themselves out of a job or they would say that they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. In fact, they feel desperate as they live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of all love and of reason - are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery”, the author expresses the idea that man is _________.

A．an essential part of society though individual’s function is negligible

B．expected to work in reasonable harmony with the rest of society

C．a replaceable component of society, though functioning smoothly

D．responsible for the smooth running of society and business operations

2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that _________.

A．they are filled with well-founded fear of being unemployed

B．they don’t have any genuine satisfaction or being unemployed

C．they have to face the fundamental realities of human existence

D．they are deprived of their independence

3. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those who _________.

A．hold well-paid and life-long jobs	B．enjoy high social status and reputation
C．outperform their fellow-competitors	D．stay away from over-competitiveness

4. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should _________.

A．resort to the production mode of our ancestors

B．offer higher wages to workers and employees

C．enable man to fully develop his potentialities

D．escape consumerism and embrace humanism

2 . Why isn’t science better? Look at career incentives.

There are often substantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.

All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not to replicate (复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them — but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.

But there are also ways in which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.

It’s not like we don’t know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears. Why? Why aren’t scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.

In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.

We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure (终身教授) grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?

An oft-used metric (标准，度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.

If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system (钻空子). And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud (欺诈). If malicious (恶意的) fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.

However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.

1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Scientists are expected to persistently devoted to exploration of reality.

B．The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.

C．Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments’ results.

D．The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.

2. What does deaf ears in the fourth paragraph probably refer to?

A．The public.	B．The incentive initiators.
C．The peer researchers.	D．The high-impact journal editors.

3. Which of the following does the author probably agree with?

A．Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.

B．Competition for resources pushes researchers to publish in a more productive way.

C．All the credentialed scholars and researchers will take up university professorships.

D．The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.

4. According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?

A．High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.

B．The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.

C．Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.

D．Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.

3 . MAP ARTIST TUTORIAL:

HOW TO CREATE A CUSTOM MAP

Map Artist is the perfect tool for creating customized maps to Include in research projects and reports. Map Artist offers endless possibilities Mop Artist has a huge collection of map styles to choose from, and they can be customized to suit your special needs. In this tutorial, we will assume you have been asked to create a map for a social studies report.

1. When you open Map Artist, a world map will be displayed. Type “North America” in the dialogue box or choose NORTH AMERICA from the list provided. Click GO. A map of North America will be displayed.

2. Type “United States” in the dialogue box or choose UNTED STATES from the drop—dawn menu to display a map of the 50 United States. Click GO. A map of the United States will be displayed.

3. Type “California” in the dialogue box or choose CALIFORNIA from the drop-down menu. Click Go. A map of California will be displayed.

4. Click on the drop—down menu need to the outline map of the state. Click on the type of map you need for your report. OUTUNE shows only the outline shape of the state with no highways or population centers indicated; HIGHWAY shows major cities, interstate highways, and major state highways. TOPOGRAPHIC indicates elevations as well as the location of major cities. SHADED RELIEF shows only natural landforms (mountains, valleys, rivers), as well as national parks. POLITICAL shows major cities, interstate, and major highways. HISTORICAL recalls the oldest maps on record. For the purposes of this tutorial, select OUTUNE. A map showing an outline of California will be displayed.

5. Click CUSTOMIZE on the menu bar down the left side of the screen. CUSTOMZE allows you to place custom data on the map you have selected. A tiny symbol will be placed on the map at the location you designate, and the text you type into the dialogue box at the bottom of the screen will appear next to it.

◆ First, click on the button next to the appropriate symbol. For practice, click on the shovel, which symbolizes archaeology.   

◆ Next to the word TEXT, type “The Presidio,” which is an archaeological site near San Francisco.

◆ Now use your mouse to click on the spot on the map where you would like this data to be placed.

◆ Continue by typing “Woolen Mills” and clicking on the map near San Jose.

◆ Last, type “Emerald Bay” and click on the map near Lake Tahoe.

◆ You can add as many sites as you wish. Each time you dick your mouse on the map. It will place the symbol and text you have included to describe that location.

6. Click SAVE it you would like to save the map to a file. Later, after opening the saved document, click on the map with your right mouse button and select COPY. Open the file in the word processing program that contains your report.   Insert a box at the location where you want the map to appear. Put your cursor inside the box, right—click the mouse, and select PASTE. Putting your graphic In the box will allow you to stretch or shrink the box to wrap text around it.

1. If your report is about Plants and Animals in New York, you may click _____ on map.

A．HISTORICAL

B．SHADED RELIEF

C．TOPOGRAPHIC

D．POLITICAL

2. When a specific location is placed on a customized map, which function is required?

A．Clicking on GO.	B．Cutting and pasting.
C．Inserting a box for the map.	D．Clicking on the map.

3. Which sequence accurately presents the order of the steps suggested in the Map Artist tutorial?

A．	B．
C．	D．

5 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Cycling isn’t always easy. Busy streets, honking horns, and inadequate bike lanes can make it an uphill battle. But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in most of the European Union’s states last year.

There are traditional bicycle capitals”, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Copenhagen in Denmark. But in many other traditionally car-made countries, the shift to bikes is striking. Italians, for instance, bought 1.6 million bikes against 1.4 million cars in 2012.

So what has led to cycling’s growing popularity in Europe?

The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue. “The economic crisis has had an effect on all areas of people’s lives, including on transport,” Giulietta Pagliaccio, head of the Italian cycling federation FIAB, told the Australian Associated Press.

Since the European debt crisis broke out in 2009, more people lost their jobs while the cost of living, including fuel costs, continued to rise. It forced many people to give up driving to save money, the Guangzhou-based New Express commented. Take Greece, a country seriously hit by the crisis, for example. It sold 320,000 bikes last year against 58,000 cars.

More importantly, people have changed their views toward cars and bikes. Cars are losing their appeal as status symbols. Yet, cycling is now seen as “a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around town”, the Daily Star concluded. “It not only reduces traffic jam and pollution, but also contributes to public health.”

However, with more and more people turning to cycling, questions remain about traffic and safety problems.

To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport. Quite a few cities now offer well-marked bike lanes, such as the cycling super-highway marked in blue in London. It runs all over the city, from the center to the suburbs.

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8 . Humans are fascinated by the source of their failings and virtues. This state of mind inevitably leads to an old debate: whether nature or nurture(养育)frames us more. A revolution in genetics has poised this as a modern political question about the character of our society: if personalities are hard—wired into our genes, what can governments do to help us? It feels morally questionable, yet claims of genetic selection by intelligence are making headlines.

This is down to “hereditarian”(遗传论的)science and a recent paper claimed “differences in exam performance between pupils attending selective and non—selective schools mirror the genetic differences between them”. With such an assumption, the work was predictably greeted by a lot of ridiculous claims about “genetics determining academic success”. What the research revealed was the rather less surprising result: the educational benefits of selective schools largely disappear once pupils’ inborn ability and socio—economic background were taken into account. It is a glimpse of the obvious—and there’s nothing to back strongly either a hereditary or environmental argument.

Yet the paper does say children are “unintentionally genetically selected” by the school system. Central to hereditarian science is a tall claim: that identifiable variations in genetic sequences can predict an individual’s capability to learn, reason and solve problems. This is problematic on many levels. Unlike—minded academics say the inheritability of human traits is scientifically unsound. At best there is a weak statistical association and not a causal link between DNA and intelligence. Yet sophisticated statistics are used to create a frightening atmosphere of scientific certainty.

While there’s an undoubted genetic basis to individual difference, it is wrong to think that socially defined groups can be genetically accounted for. The fixation on genes as destiny is surely false too. Medical predictability can rarely be based on DNA alone; the environment matters too. Something as complex as intellect is likely to be affected by many factors beyond genes. If hereditarians want to advance their cause, it will require more balanced interpretation and not just acts of backing.

Genetic selection is a way of exerting influence over others, “the ultimate collective control of human destinies,” as writer H.G. Wells put it. Knowledge becomes power and power requires a sense of responsibility. In understanding cognitive ability, we must not elevate discrimination(歧视)to a science: allowing people to climb the ladder of life only as far as their cells might suggest. This will need a more doubtful eye on the science. As technology progresses, we all have a duty to make sure that we shape a future that we would want to find ourselves in.

1. What did a recent research paper claim?

A．The type of school students attend makes a difference to their future.

B．Genetic differences between students are far greater than supposed.

C．The advantages of selective schools are too obvious to ignore.

D．Students’ academic performance is determined by their genes.

2. What does the author think of the recent research?

A．Its result was questionable.	B．Its implication was positive.
C．Its analysis of the data was sound.	D．Its conclusions were valid(有效的).

3. Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?

A．The relationship between DNA and intelligence is one of scientific certainty.

B．Many factors influence a person’s intelligence.

C．Whether intelligence is decided by genes is based on interpretation of statistics

D．The importance of DNA is not fully examined by gene scientists.

4. What does the author warn against in the passage?

A．Exaggerating the power of technology in shaping the world.

B．Losing sight of professional ethics in conducting research.

C．Misunderstanding the findings of human cognition research.

D．Promoting discrimination in the name of science.

9 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,” says Dan Ariely, behavioural psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Lying is even considered     1     developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, with sophisticated planning and attention     2     (require). But, for most people, lying gets increasingly limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.

According to Ariely, lying takes work. In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gains while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine. Some people told the truth instantly. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal(颅腔壁的)control network, which is involved in complex thinking. It suggested that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty, and after thinking about it,     3     (choose) the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural(神经的)reward centers were     4     (active) when they won money were less likely to be among the group of liars, and the opposite was seen among those so-called habitual liars, suggesting that lying     5     have to do with the inability to resist temptation.

External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we think others are watching. “We     6     a society need to understand that, when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability of     7     happening again, influencing all of us,” Ariely said.

In a 2016 study, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people told a lie, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala, a crucial part of the brain that produces fear and guilt. But when scientists had their subjects     8     (play) a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. “Not only that,” said Ariely in an interview with National Science Channel, “     9     people tended to lie more when they faced no consequences for dishonesty. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies,     10     get bigger over time.”