1 . The existing coffee market is dominated by Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. Unfortunately for them, coffee bushes grow best in a rather narrow range of temperatures, so their cultivation is threatened by a changing climate. But a chance discovery by Aaron Davis from Britain, published in Nature Plants, may offer a way out. Dr Davis and his colleagues report that they have tracked down a type of wild coffee which is both pleasant to taste and tolerant of higher temperatures.
Dr Davis, however, came across a paper written in 1834 by George Don, a Scottish scientist, which described a species from warmer areas. Don named it stenophylla, and wrote that it had a flavour superior to arabica’s, and it was farmed up until the 1920s, after which canephora, which had higher yields, took over. Stenophylla was then gradually forgotten.
The crucial question was, was Don’s praise to its flavour justified? To find out, Dr Davis arranged a competition involving 18 professional coffee tasters who assessed, in a blind comparison, a set of samples that included stenophylla, two types of arabica and one of canephora.
Stenophylla performed well. It was rated as having higher fruitlike qualities than a Brazilian arabica and an Indonesian canephora, and also a more favourable acid ity and more complex flavour profile, though slightly less desired than an Ethiopian arabica. It had nearly the same body as the others, and lacked an unpleasant, earthy bitterness found in the Brazilian arabica and the Indonesian canephora. When asked if what they were tasting was arabica, the judges said “yes” 81% of the time for samples of stenophylla, compared with 98% for the arabica from Ethiopia. They identified the Brazilian arabica as such only 44% of the time, and misidentified the canephora as arabica on 7% of occasions.
Stenophylla does taste like arabica and tolerates higher temperatures than either arabica or canephora. That opens two possible courses of action. One is to cultivate it directly, though this might run into the yield problem which led to its abandonment in the first place. The other is to crossbreed it with existing species, to provide those high-yielding varieties with its heat tolerance.
1. What is the purpose of the research into a type of wild coffee?| A．To promote the habit of drinking coffee. | B．To deal with global warming problems. |
| C．To help coffee farmers make more profits. | D．To save coffee production from global warming. |
| A．Ethiopian arabica is more appealing than Brazilian arabica. |
| B．Indonesian canephora tasted best among four types of coffee. |
| C．Stenophylla has less taste of bitterness than two types of arabica. |
| D．Stenophylla has a more favourable acidity than Ethiopian arabica. |
| A．Historical factors. | B．Theoretical bases. |
| C．Statistical analyses. | D．Practical solutions. |
| A．Business. | B．Agriculture. |
| C．Finance and economics. | D．Science and technology. |
2 . In 2001, Nathan Ogden raced down an Oregon ski slope, launching himself off a jump over 30 feet into the air. While he had done this many times, something was
Over the next few months, he remained
But he wanted to progress faster. He worked
When his wife couldn't wake him, he was
Sometimes Ogden felt
He continues to fight a daily battle against
| A．pleasant | B．ordinary | C．different | D．realistic |
| A．confirmed | B．anticipated | C．suggested | D．recognized |
| A．delighted | B．frustrated | C．confident | D．confused |
| A．lost | B．caused | C．produced | D．gained |
| A．tirelessly | B．efficiently | C．effortlessly | D．painfully |
| A．told | B．convinced | C．informed | D．reminded |
| A．advance | B．trouble | C．fortune | D．question |
| A．led | B．attached | C．accompanied | D．rushed |
| A．casually | B．deliberately | C．accidentally | D．occasionally |
| A．healed | B．broken | C．examined | D．shaken |
| A．making up | B．bringing in | C．resulting in | D．building up |
| A．trapped | B．deleted | C．interrupted | D．blamed |
| A．active | B．positive | C．negative | D．passive |
| A．discipline | B．competition | C．criticism | D．adversity |
| A．liberation | B．recognition | C．reputation | D．progress |
1.学习方法建议；
2. 鼓励 Tom。
注意： 1.词数80左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Tom,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
Jessica wasn’t doing well enough at school, or at least she wasn’t satisfied with herself. She wished she could do better.
“Let’s review the material we learned in the last unit,” the history teacher said. “Who can tell us what caused the War of 1812?” Jessica sat at her desk, staring ahead. She hoped the teacher wouldn’t call her name. They hadn’t studied the War of 1812 at her old school and she didn’t know the answer.
“Alison?” the teacher asked instead. Oh, perfect, Jessica thought. Of course Alison would have the answer. She seemed to have all the answers. Alison was the most popular girl in school-always surrounded by millions of best friends. She was like a brilliant sun.
Jessica hadn’t made one or two friends of her own so far. Her old school was small and low-key, but a shy person Jessica had a chance there, who always stood out among peers in study and play. This new school, however, seemed as big as an airport to Jessica, and it seemed very hard to get around in it. She still got lost sometimes in the school.
Jessica frowned (皱眉) as Alison answered the teacher’s question. Alison probably never got lost, Jessica thought to herself. You could probably put Alison down in the middle of a desert, and within five minutes she’d be able to tell you the best way to get home.
History class finally ended, and Jessica headed for the gym. The class had been playing basketball. Alison, who was as tall and thin and attractive as a tree, was very good at it. Beside her, Jessica felt like a very small and foolish ant. Today, however, the gym teacher pointed to a thick rope hanging from the ceiling and said, “Everybody! You’re going to climb this rope today.”
注意：1.续写词数应为 150 左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Hearing the teacher's words, Jessica smiled.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Jessica stepped forward and got close to the rope.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 . There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and prevalent (普遍的) our own behavior is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behavior is broadly OK.
This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage.
In Australia, people who admitted to poaching (偷猎) thought it was much more prevalent in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially acceptable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms.
Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help address it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a-lot of trash scattered around; so making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish may help.
Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to publicly buy eco-friendly products.
As the research evidence shows, social norms can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article!
1. Which example best illustrates the false consensus effect?| A．A student spends long hours surfing the internet. |
| B．A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts. |
| C．A driver frequently parks illegally in public places. |
| D．A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking. |
| A．It is unacceptable. | B．It is widespread. |
| C．It is controversial. | D．It is complex. |
| A．Embrace green habits for better health. |
| B．Make green choices that others can perceive. |
| C．Join green movements for personal fulfillment. |
| D．Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores. |
| A．Understate social norms. | B．Highlight personal responsibilities. |
| C．Publicize sustainable practices. | D．Encourage technological innovations. |
6 . Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity.
The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hate and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged (不和的) accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical perspective, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with practice.
1. What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness?| A．People should offer mercy to others. |
| B．Aggressive people should learn to forgive. |
| C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity. |
| D．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected. |
| A．To fight is to grow. | B．To give is to receive. |
| C．To forgive is to abuse. | D．To dominate is to harm. |
| A．Favorable. | B．Reserved. | C．Objective. | D．Skeptical. |
| A．Forgiveness is in our nature. | B．Forgiveness grows with time. |
| C．It takes practice to forgive. | D．Actuality is based on potentiality. |
7 . She could have just quit. The race was long
“I wanted to show people that in life,
Bou Samnang participated in the women’s 5,000-metre race on May 8 at the Southeast Asian Games, which Cambodia hosted for the first time. “I knew I was
Bou Samnang’s
| A．delayed | B．arranged | C．canceled | D．decided |
| A．around | B．alone | C．away | D．again |
| A．inspiration | B．companion | C．genius | D．designer |
| A．in case | B．now that | C．even though | D．if only |
| A．all the same | B．as a result | C．in the meanwhile | D．in actual fact |
| A．turn back | B．set down | C．give up | D．switch over |
| A．leaving | B．losing | C．changing | D．coming |
| A．enter | B．organize | C．lead | D．abandon |
| A．represent | B．explore | C．improve | D．promote |
| A．encouragement | B．kindness | C．gratitude | D．entertainment |
| A．beside | B．without | C．behind | D．against |
| A．tourists | B．volunteers | C．fans | D．athletes |
| A．tent | B．flag | C．status | D．flower |
| A．beauty | B．creativity | C．intelligence | D．determination |
| A．guaranteeing | B．instructing | C．warning | D．reminding |
8 . I think we should try to find a happy memory, something to lift us on those unpleasant days. I’m saying this because I think I have just found mine.
I had some work in Glasgow then. I was on a really
As the crowd parted ways at the bottom of the hall, I saw someone selling The Big Issue. She really looked like she had been sleeping
As I
When I got closer, I saw a white
I bought her last magazine for twice what I had originally
| A．enjoyable | B．relaxing | C．tight | D．tiring |
| A．crowded | B．delayed | C．loaded | D．crashed |
| A．cigarettes | B．sweets | C．change | D．paper |
| A．comfortably | B．rough | C．soundly | D．anxiously |
| A．shabby | B．casual | C．tidy | D．fashionable |
| A．left | B．passed | C．approached | D．examined |
| A．jumping | B．climbing | C．rolling | D．rocking |
| A．active | B．energetic | C．warm | D．awake |
| A．dance | B．tune | C．step | D．sound |
| A．issue | B．arm | C．stick | D．log |
| A．deaf | B．lame | C．mad | D．blind |
| A．recite | B．compose | C．read | D．sing |
| A．expected | B．charged | C．intended | D．organized |
| A．picked up | B．threw away | C．turned out | D．hid away |
| A．decision | B．memory | C．program | D．design |
One sunny afternoon, Alice and I were walking home from school, lost in our girlish conversation. Alice, with her curious eyes sparkling, casually asked about my friendship with Judy. In a moment of thoughtlessness, I responded, “I only hung out with Judy because she asked me and I wasn’t keen on being friends with her. She was rather dull.” The unkind words just escaped my lips before I could catch them, like marbles rolling off a table.
Little did I know, Judy had been just around the corner somehow. When I glanced up, Judy appeared right in front of me, having accidentally overheard everything. All the color faded from her face. Her eyes widening with shock, without a word, she rushed off. Alice and I were left standing there, exchanging a look of shame and discomfort. I knew I should run after Judy and apologize, but with my mind blank, I was frozen. Alice’s face turned red, too. We walked home in silence, each step heavier than the last.
The following days were filled with awkwardness. I felt terrible for what I’d said and was dying to mend our friendship. An honest apology was desperately needed. But what should I say? Unintentional as I was, I indeed hurt Judy’s feelings. Every time I saw Judy in the halls or during classes, I’d quickly look away.
Fate threw me a curve ball in our speech class. On Tuesday, Mr. Thomas announced that we would be giving improvised(即兴的) speeches. He had written our topics on slips of paper and put them into a secret jar. Each of us was asked to blindly choose one without knowing what it would be about. I couldn’t say I was not nervous. As I reached into the jar of topics, my fingers closed around the slip that read, “Share your most embarrassing moment.” My heart pounded like a drum roll in my chest. It was as if the universe had come my way to give me a chance.
注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Knowing what I had to say, I calmed myself down and walked to the platform.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________That day marked a turning point.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1. 阅读的乐趣；
2. 介绍一本你喜欢的书；
3. 你喜欢的理由。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
The pleasure of Reading
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
