| A．She enjoys traveling this summer vacation. |
| B．She had an unpleasant experience in Sydney. |
| C．She is considering whether to travel abroad. |
| D．She speaks highly of her experience last year. |
5 . On Jan. 9, 2007, 10 years ago today, Steve Jobs formally announced Apple’s“revolutionary mobile phone”— a device that combined the functionality of an iPod, phone and Internet communication into a single unit, controlled by touch.
As smartphones have proliferated, so have questions about their impact on how we live and how we work. Often the advantages of convenient, mobile technology are both obvious and taken for granted, leaving more subtle topics for concerned discussion: Are smartphones disturbing children’s sleep? Is an inability to get away from work having a negative impact on health? And what are the implications for privacy?
But today, on the 10th anniversary of the iPhone, let’s consider a less obvious advantage: the potential for smartphone technology to revolutionize behavioral science. That’s because a large proportion of the species is in continuous contact with technology that can record key features of an individual’s behavior and environment.
Researchers have already begun to use smartphones in social scientific research, recording people’s activity using the device’s built-in sensors. These studies are confirming, challenging and extending what’s been found using more traditional approaches, in which people report how they behaved in real life or participate in artificial laboratory-based tasks.
One of the studies has used smartphone-based data collection with a built-in sensor to paint an accurate pictures of how mood is affected by a person’s location. The data came from more than 12,000 members of the general public. Twice during the day, they were prompted(促使)to report their mood and location, with location information additionally collected from the phone’s location sensors. Using both kinds of location data, the study found that people reported significantly more positive moods in locations that typically involve social interactions (such as a café or friend’s house) than at home, and more positive moods at home than at work.
Other studies have used sensor data to draw some kinds of inferences. For instance, a study published in 2015 followed 48 students over the course of a 10-week school term. Using a combination of location, activity and audio sensors, the researchers could infer students’ patterns of class attendance, study time, physical activity and socializing. These variables, in turn, predicted student GPA with surprisingly high accuracy.
These studies are just first steps. With more data and better methods for analysis, researchers will be able to identify how different experiences, behaviors and environments relate to each other and evolve over time more accurately. The right combination of data and analysis can also help individuals identify unique characteristics of their own behavior, including conditions that need some form of treatment.
Smartphone-based data collection comes at an opportune time in the evolution of psychological science. Today, the field is moving away from a focus on laboratory studies with undergraduate participants towards more complex, real-world situations studied with more varieties of groups of people. Smartphones offer new tools for achieving these ambitions, offering rich data about everyday behaviors in a variety of contexts.
So here’s another way in which smartphones might transform the way we live and work: by offering insights into human psychology and behavior and, thus, supporting smarter social science.
1. What does the author say about the negative impact of smartphones?| A．It has been overshadowed by the positive impact. |
| B．It has more often than not been taken for granted. |
| C．It is not so obvious but has caused some concern. |
| D．It is subtle but should by no means be overstated. |
| A．It is based on huge amounts of carefully collected data. |
| B．It makes use of the questionnaire method. |
| C．It is often expensive and time-consuming. |
| D．It relies on lab observations and participants’ reports. |
| A．detect their unusual behaviors. |
| B．maintain a positive state of mind. |
| C．live their lives in a unique way. |
| D．cope with abnormal situations. |
| A．They are going through a period of painful transition. |
| B．They are increasingly focused on real-life situations. |
| C．They are conducted in a more rigorous manner. |
| D．They are mainly targeted towards undergraduates. |
6 . She has become the world’s longest-reigning monarch(在位时间最长的君主), following the death of Thailand’s King Bhumibol Adulyadej on Oct 13.
Now a new TV series called The Crown, which started to air on Nov 4 in the US, is looking back at the time when Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ of the UK prepared to take the throne(王位)at a 25-year-old. She would face a series of challenges after she was crowned(加冕)following the unexpected death of her father, George VI, in 1952.
Ever since she took the throne, the queen has seen her country change dramatically. Yet she has remained a constant presence in British lives. How can a queen, a memory from long ago in most parts of the world, still be so popular in modern Britain.
One answer is that the royal(王室的)family knows how to move with the times. Once upon a time, kings, queens, princes and princesses were distant from everyone. Today, while they still have some of the old mystery, the royals are true celebrities(名人)like famous sports and pop stars. Indeed, they are upper-class celebrities. There are hundreds of Hollywood actors, but there is only one queen of the UK.
Because they are seen so much—in magazines, on TV and on the internet—the royals must now be careful. It is not enough to be famous; one must “deserve” this fame. That’s why the new, younger generations of royals are so important to the royals’ chances of surviving. Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton’s commitment to many good causes has also given the royal family an image it highly needs.
In addition, old-fashioned British eccentricity(古怪)explains why the royals have stayed for so song. “The British monarchy is valued because it is the British monarchy,” the BBC noted. “We are an old and complicated society.”
1. What can we learn about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ from the two paragraphs?| A．She was 25 years old when she became queen in 1952. |
| B．She was doomed to(注定)take the throne from birth. |
| C．The TV series The Crown is about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ’s whole life. |
| D．She is the oldest monarch in the world after Bhumibol Adulyadej. |
| A．Try to become as famous as possible. |
| B．Shoot some films about the royal family. |
| C．Keep their distance from common people. |
| D．Devote themselves to good causes. |
| A．the UK is a strange nation |
| B．the British value their old traditions a lot |
| C．British society is too complex to understand |
| D．the British monarchy is unique in the world |
| A．describe the details of the TV series The Crown to readers |
| B．describe the daily routines of British royals |
| C．explore the secrets of the popularity of the British monarchy |
| D．explain the differences between the old and new generations of British royals |
7 . Biology is making it clearer that a man’s health and well-being have a measurable impact on his future children’s health and happiness. This is not because a strong, responsible man has a greater
Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs can lower the
Lately scientists have been obsessed with(着迷于)a means of
In the past decade or so, the study of epigenetics has become so
| A．passion | B．likelihood | C．opportunity | D．value |
| A．lifestyle | B．genetic | C．habitual | D．parental |
| A．long before | B．long after | C．as long as | D．shortly after |
| A．quantity | B．quality | C．value | D．size |
| A．release | B．produce | C．absorb | D．consume |
| A．Moreover | B．On the contrary | C．In other words | D．On the other hand |
| A．vital | B．potential | C．distinct | D．biological |
| A．inheritance | B．growth | C．development | D．breeding |
| A．where | B．why | C．when | D．how |
| A．regulating | B．determining | C．defining | D．testing |
| A．serious | B．popular | C．significant | D．sensitive |
| A．at the most | B．at the least | C．in general | D．to some degree |
| A．intelligence | B．culture | C．environment | D．psychology |
| A．shocks | B．strikes | C．discourages | D．inspires |
| A．experience | B．suffer | C．support | D．comprehend |
When I was a very young man, just beginning to make my way, I was invited to dine at the home of a famous New York philanthropist (慈善家). It was after dinner
I use the phrase “in for” because music means
After a while,
I knew as much about Bach as I knew about nuclear fission. But I did know one of the most famous faces in the world,
10 . As Climate Changes, Global Inequality Worsens
Scientists have long predicted that warmer temperatures caused by climate change will have the biggest impact on the world’s poorest, most vulnerable people. New research now indicates that this has already happened over the last several decades.
A study published this May in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that in most poor countries, higher temperatures are more than 90% likely to have resulted in decreased economic output, compared to a world without global warming. Meanwhile, the effect has been less dramatic in wealthier nations - with some even potentially benefiting from higher temperatures.
“We’re not arguing that global warming created inequality,” says Noah S. Diffenbaugh, the author of the study and professor at Stanford University who studies climate change. But “global warming has put a drag on improvement.” The countries most likely to have lost out economically as a result of warmer temperatures have done the least to contribute to the problem, he adds.
Higher temperatures affect economic output in a variety of ways. For example, labor productivity decreases with extreme heat, crops produce lower yields and cognitive functioning declines.
The new study builds on past research, including a landmark report released last fall from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the UN’s climate science body. The report showed that if global temperatures rise more than 1.5℃ by 2099, poor countries will likely face critical challenges, including the destruction of entire communities and millions of premature deaths.
Climate policymakers have tried for years to address the problem of the poorest countries facing the worst effects of rising temperatures. These countries were not generally responsible for global warming. Early attempts at addressing climate change internationally included different expectations for emissions reduction based on each country’s level of development. Poorest countries received more leeway (自由行事的空间) while the richest were set stricter targets.
But in some ways, that approach backfired (起反效果), especially in the U. S. It helped feed the popular narrative that Washington is overpaying for climate change mitigation, while poorer countries are away with doing less. That conservative viewpoint has done some damage. Hardline distinctions between carbon reduction targets for rich and poor countries have been softened in recent years, in favor of a lighter version of what climate change policymakers refer to as “common but differentiated responsibilities.” That principle suggests that richer countries should bear a greater burden in addressing climate change, but remains vague about what that means for concrete policy.
Many of the world’s developing countries have cried foul. “This problem is created somewhere else,” Abdur Rouf Taiukder, Bangladesh’s Finance Scretary, told TIME in a recent interview. “We are spending more on adaptation because we have to live.”
1. Which of the following statement is true about the study published in May?| A．It warned the world about a speedup in global warming. |
| B．It explained a wider wealth gap between poor and rich countries. |
| C．It predicted a future where wealthy countries will benefit from climate change. |
| D．It pointed out that climate change has already caused the least developed countries to suffer. |
| A．leads to extreme heat that has disastrous effects on agricultural output |
| B．results in higher temperatures which cause workers to be less productive |
| C．causes people to become less efficient in learning and other intellectual activities |
| D．is the direct cause of unbalanced development of the most and least developed countries |
| A．description | B．reduction | C．consumption | D．interaction |
| A．climate policymakers from developed countries have reached an agreement on how to address climate change. |
| B．many Americans are against the uneven division of the responsibility for addressing climate change among countries |
| C．there has been a lack of clarity in whether the poorest countries should share any of the burdens that climate change has put on the world |
| D．the less developed countries in the world have refused to spend any money in dealing with climate change |
