1 . From the dawn of civilization, paper records have been a method of keeping track of important and necessary documentation. A common experience throughout the world's record keeping has been the necessity to ensure that all documents are kept together, and none are lost.
During this time, however, the paperclip （回形针）was not a widely distributed device. Therefore, the Gem Manufacturing Company of England developed a machine to manufacture and standardize the paperclip design.
Today the paperclip is a famous invention used throughout offices, schoolrooms, and business throughout the world.
| A．The next paper invention was that of the straight pin. |
| B．Before the paper clip, people had to be creative to keep paper together. |
| C．The humble item only came into popular usage around the mid-19th century. |
| D．Later, inspired by the straight pin, Norwegian Vaaler J. came up with the idea of the first paperclip. |
| E．This manufacturing development allowed for the expansion of the modern paperclip worldwide. |
| F．Being a wonder of simplicity and function, the paperclip remains a standard office supply throughout the world. |
| G．Therefore, from the early 13th century people had created various methods to ensure documents were kept together. |
2 . Underwater explorers have discovered an ancient shipwreck (沉船) in the ruins of a long-lost sunken Egyptian city Heracleion, off the coast of Alexandria in Egypt. Researchers have proved the ship to be over 2,000 years old among the ruins.
Although Heracleion was once an important economic center, it was destroyed by the forces of nature, sinking (下沉) rapidly in the water. The remains of the city’s houses, temples, and markets have lain ten meters deep in the Abu Qir Bay, east of present-day Alexandria, As a result，underwater explorers regularly make exciting discoveries there. Among them, statues and stone tablets with words made it possible to figure out the city’s name: Heracleion.
Researchers explained that the ship was 25 meters long. The discovery of the shipwreck was fascinating because ships from that period in history were very seldom. The underwater research showed that the ship was struck by several big stones from the nearby temple, making the ship at the bottom of the sea. Dr. Mustafa Waziri, Secretary-General of the Higher Archaeology Council, said the ship was in the canal (运河) which flowed along the side of the Temple of Amun. An earthquake struck the city, making the temple destroyed and the ship sink.
While the shipwreck discovery was exciting, underwater explorers discovered the remains of a Greek cemetery (墓地) dating back to the 4th century BC during the underwater exploration. Researchers explained that the discovery shows the Greek traders lived in the city. They built their own temples near the temple of Amun, and the remains of both have been found together and in good condition in the sunken city some 7 miles off the coast of Egypt. It is worth noting that the city of Heracleion had been the largest port-city in Egypt across the Nile Delta, before the city of Alexandria was founded in 331 BC．Several earthquakes destroyed it.
1. Why did the city Heracleion disappear?| A．It was destroyed by the Greek traders. |
| B．It was hit and covered by a big flood. |
| C．It was unimportant and was deserted. |
| D．It was ruined and sank into the sea. |
| A．Its own length. | B．A terrible earthquake. |
| C．Carrying too many stones. | D．The building of a temple. |
| A．The Greek cemetery was destroyed. |
| B．Greek traders built the temple of Amun. |
| C．Heracleion was probably a trade center. |
| D．Greek has a longer history than Egypt. |
| A．Environment.. | B．History | C．Sport. | D．Education. |
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Vesuvius, also called Mount Vesuvius, is on the plain of Campania in southern Italy.
The town of Pompeii
7 . In Iceland, these green houses melt into the natural landscape, a technique that first appeared with the arrival of British settlers during the 9th through 11th centuries. Unlike their previous warm and wet climate, wood was rare and slow to regenerate. Turf (草皮) became their first pick to make shelters.
Across Europe, turf bricks — widely available — were cut from local bogs (沼泽) and transported for use at higher lands. The turf was then laid over a wooden structure to form walls and a thick roof — to keep cold out from tough northern climates. Turf walls were replaced as frequently as every 20 years, and even up to 70 years.
It is difficult to find out its precise origins in the archaeological record. However, evidence of similar constructions can be found in many countries throughout the ages. Historic records suggest that up to 50 percent of Icelandic houses were partly comprised of turf until the late 19th century. As populations began to gather in cities like Reykjavik, wood buildings replaced stones and earth architecture. After fires burned up the city in 1915, concrete became the material of choice. In 1918 Iceland gained independence from Denmark, setting in motion a wave of nationalism that threatened the survival of turf houses. Advocates of modernization argued that Reykjavik paled in comparison to the grand architecture that graced the skylines of Paris, Berlin, and London. Traditional techniques were criticized as “rotten Danish wood” from a troubled era, and there was a campaign to clear them in favor of modern buildings — a move later criticized by many as destruction of cultural heritage.
A tourism boom in the latter half of the 20th century encouraged Iceland to reexamine the value of traditional architecture. Do Icelanders still live in turf houses? The quickest way to answer this question would be no. You might still see an occasional grass roof but that has everything to do with architecture and Icelanders wanting to hold on to their beloved heritage rather than any need for turf as insulation (隔热) material.
1. Why did people use turf to build houses in the past?| A．It matched nature perfectly. | B．It could be changed often. |
| C．It was long-lasting and accessible. | D．It was a request by settlers. |
| A．People packed into Reykjavik. | B．Traditional architecture was in favor. |
| C．Turf houses were almost unable to exist. | D．Concrete became a new building material. |
| A．It starts coming to life. | B．It will live on. |
| C．Its material will improve. | D．It is out of date. |
| A．Iceland’s turf stretches brightly across Europe |
| B．Iceland’s turf — An important building material |
| C．Iceland’s turf houses — An exceptional example |
| D．Iceland’s turf houses survive beautifully with nature |
8 . A long lost 16th century civilization has been unearthed in rural Kansas-all thanks to a teen who helped archaeologists(考古学家)confirm the incredible discovery.
The long-lost city called Etzanoa-where up to 20,000 Indians once lived-was discovered in Arkansas City, in the south-central part of the state, when a high school boy found a cannon(炮)ball that tipped off the experts that their long-held suspicions about the existence of Etzanoa were correct.
The city, whose name means “The Great Settlement”, is believed to be the second-largest Native American city in the U.S. and was the site of a battle between Spanish explorers and Indian soldiers in 1601.
“The Spanish were amazed by the size of Etzanoa, ” according to Donald Blakeslee, a 73-year-old Wichita State University archaeologist, who announced the discovery. “They counted 2,000 houses that could hold ten people each. They said it would take two or three days to walk through it all.”
For years, he and other scientists hunted for the fabled city. They dug up pottery, knives and stone tools that would link it to records from Spanish explorers - but couldn’t confirm that it was Etzanoa. Then last year, Adam Ziegler, who attends a nearby high school, discovered a half-inch iron cannon ball — linking it to the 1601 battle. During the battle, the Spanish fired cannons at Indian soldiers, who eventually fled the city.
Kansas officials now want to turn the long-lost city into a scenic spot. “We’re looking at creating something that could be great for the region, and for 50 years and more down the road,” said Jay Warren, an Arkansas City Council member. “And we think the site could also be a hands-on field training facility for archaeologists from all over the world. ”
1. What does the underlined phrase “tipped off” in paragraph 2 refer to?| A．Gave information to. | B．Let down. |
| C．Played tricks on. | D．Knocked off. |
| A．It was once home to over 20,000 Indians. |
| B．It witnessed great changes in the last few centuries. |
| C．It was a famous tourist attraction in the 16th century. |
| D．It was the largest Indian settlement in the U.S. at the time. |
| A．The Indians were at war with the Spanish. |
| B．The Spanish explorers settled down in Arkansas City. |
| C．The Indians set up a large settlement in Arkansas City. |
| D．Etzanoa was abandoned by the Spanish and became a lost city. |
| A．A museum will be set up there. |
| B．Tourism will be promoted there. |
| C．It will be returned to the native Indians. |
| D．It will be rebuilt into a large settlement. |
Set in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the Battle at Lake Changjin topped the Chinese mainland box office according to the China Morie Data Information Network. The film
However, the real battlefield is
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10 . An individual from an unknown hominid (原始人类) species walked across a field of wet, volcanic ash in what is now East Africa around 3.66 million years ago, leaving behind a handful of footprints.
Those five ancient footprints, largely ignored since they were partly unearthed at Tanzania’s Laetoli site in 1976, show features of upright walking by a hominid, a new study finds. Researchers had previously considered them hard to classify, possibly produced by a young bear that took a few steps while standing. But the latest analysis refutes that suggestion.
McNutt, DeSilva, who started the new investigation as a Dartmouth College graduate student, and their colleagues fully dug out and cleaned the five Laetoli footprints in June 2019. Then they measured, photographed and 3-D scanned the ancient tracks. McNutt’s group focused on two footprints that were particularly well-preserved. Foot shapes, sizes, and walking characteristics of the Laetoli individual differed in various ways from those of other hominid individuals at the same site. The prints also didn’t match those from modern black bears and modern chimps (黑猩猩) walking upright.
The Laetoli individual possessed a wider, more chimplike foot than humans, the researchers say. Its big toe stuck out slightly from the second toe (脚趾), but not to the degree observed in chimps. On one step, the Laetoli individual’s left leg crossed in front of the right leg, leaving a left footprint directly in front of the previous track. People may cross-step in this way when trying to regain balance. And bears and chimps assume a relatively wide standing due to knee and other bone arrangements that prevent them from walking like the Laetoli individual and probably from cross-stepping, the scientists say.
Given that only two of the ancient footprints are complete enough to analyze thoroughly, the possibility that a chimp other than a hominid made the Laetoli footprints can’t be ruled out, says William Harcourt Smith, a scientist at Lehman College. But evidence of cross-stepping is enough to prove that it was a hominid track maker, he says.
1. What does the underlined word “refutes” in Paragraph 2 mean?| A．Objects to. | B．Supports. | C．Puts forward. | D．Criticizes. |
| A．They are less chimplike. | B．They have toes sticking out. |
| C．They show relatively wide standing. | D．They possess features of cross-stepping. |
| A．It’s convincing. | B．It’s challenging. |
| C．It’s confusing. | D．It’s conflicting. |
| A．To describe a major event. | B．To share a new discovery. |
| C．To introduce an unknown species. | D．To settle a huge disagreement. |
