1 . In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively dislike work and will do anything to _______ it. Therefore most people must be forced with the threat of punishment to work towards organisational objectives.Theory Y is the view that everyone has the _______ to find satisfaction in work. Both of them are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity(僵化） of the model.

In any case, despite so much evidence to the _______, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, _______ , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from above without _______. This, of course, makes for autocratic (专制的) managers.

Different cultures have different ways of managing people. Unlike _______ management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative _______ of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to _______ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general _______. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional ________ managers cannot.

A recent trend has been to ________ employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without asking managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: ________ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be ________ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has ________ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to ________ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization,________ less.

Another trend is off-site or ________ management, where teams of people ________ by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers ________ the performance of the team members ________ what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

Yours,

Li Hua

5 . Welcome to Fresh Start February! This week Mayor Muriel Bowser announced that I would transition to the private sector. Today, my last official day as the Director of the Mayor's Office of Community Affairs. After serving 6 years in the Executive Office of Mayor Muriel Bowser and 2 of those years as Director, of the Mayor's Office of Community Affairs, I am very excited and look forward to starting this next phase in my career.

I am humbled and grateful to Mayor Bowser for trusting in me to be a leader in her administration and to serve as the primary liaison between you-the members of the community, and 13 community affairs offices to foster relationships across all 8 Wards. What can I say, other than it has been an amazing journey and I am grateful!

This journey has been the very foundation of our work in partnership and collaboration between District of Columbia residents and the Executive Office of the Mayor. We have established partnerships with communities, conducted and coordinated several events, town halls, forums, and projects in support of carrying forward mayoral initiatives at the community level.

We have built stronger ties between the Mayor and community organizations civic groups, and Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) while attending to the intersectional needs of the community.

Also, thank you to the 90+ MOCA staff members that have helped me up to provide support to our office directors and District residents throughout the years. Interacting with you all and having the opportunity to work with such dedicared individuals is something I have and will never take for granted. I have often been inspired by the creativity and innovation that they bring to the respective offices. Our work has left a lasting impression on my life.

Again, thank you to our first female two-term Mayor, Muriel Bowser for her leadership and for allowing me to be a part of this great work! I want to thank you for your support throughout this journey, and I am excited about the great work that will continue to go forward. I leave with fond memories of my 8 years total in the John A. Wilson Building.

2 years in the office or Councilmember Anita Bonds and with memories that I will forever cherish. I also know that MOCA is well-positioned to go to the NEXT LEVEL! It has been one of my greatest privileges to serve with you. Until we meet again.

6 . Phyllis George, the former Miss America who became a female sports casting pioneer on CBS’s The NFL Today and served as the first lady of Kentucky, has _______. She was 70.

A family spokeswoman said George died Thursday in hospital _______ a long fight with a blood disorder.

Her children gave a joint statement, _______ “For many, Mom was known for her _______ as the pioneering female sportscaster, 50th Miss America and first lady. To us, she was the most incredible _______ we could ever ask for.”

George joined in The NFL Today in 1975 and _______ her sports broadcasting and worked on the live show, interviewing star athletes, which won _______ for her. She also covered horse racing and _______ the entertainment show People and CBS Morning News.

George _______ wrote a male friend and told him that her sports casting wouldn’t ________ because it was a man’s job. However, none of the difficulties she met with ________ her. With her great courage and ________, she managed to range into a (an) ________ variety of roles, in media, the film industry, food and beauty products, and as the first lady of the bluegrass state.

“Saying yes to yourself opens up ________ that can take you ________,” George wrote.

“She had ________ and enthusiasm that made her a valuable ________,” Pilson said. “She didn’t claim to know a ________ amount about sports, but she knew about people, which is why her interviews were ________. She was a warm person and that ________ through on the set and in the interviews.

8 . It goes without saying that everyone has bad days at work. You hit an unexpected problem with a project you’ve been working on for weeks.     1    You are severely criticized by your boss in the company. Whatever your workplace problem is, one effect it has is to make you feel more alone. There are times when you feel as though your colleagues are upset and you can only rely on yourself.     2    

When you’re feeling upset about a problem at work, take a minute to think of someone in your life that you’re grateful to and write a sentence or two on a notepad about what you appreciate.     3     Why does it have such power? Gratitude is often a positive emotion you   feel when someone else has gone out of their way to do something helpful for you that they didn’t have to do. That person has done something selfless in order to make your life little---or perhaps a lot---better.

    4     It might be a relative who took care of you when you were little, a teacher who   helped you out in a tough situation or a colleague who put you up for a great opportunity.

Picking one of those folks out and reminding yourself of why you’re grateful to them has two benefits.     5     It also reminds you of the deep social connections you have so that you   don’t feel quite as isolated anymore.

9 . Spring is coming, and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs. Competition is tough, so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices. Whatever we are wearing, our family and friends may accept us, but the workplace may not.

A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos (纹身), nose rings, or certain dress styles. It is true you can’t judge a book by its cover, yet people do “cover” themselves in order to convey certain messages. What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of who we are. Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances, so do companies. Dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons, but the main concern is often about what customers accept.

Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money. Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees, because those people represent the companies to their customers.

As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are plenty of well-qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers. Even though I am open-minded, I can’t expect all our customers are.

There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer. No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards, as long as its standards are legal.