注意:每个空格只填一个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
To keep the creative juices flowing, employees should be receptive to criticism
Researchers have been curious about whether negative feedback really makes people perform better, particularly when it comes to completing creative tasks. The literature has been mixed about this. In a recent investigation, Kim, who in May will join the Cambridge Judge Business School as an assistant professor, observed –– through a field experiment and a lab experiment –– and reported on how receiving negative feedback might impact the creativity of the recipients(接受者).
In both studies, Kim found that negative feedback can inspire or prevent creative thinking. What is most important is where the criticism comes from. When creative professionals or participants received criticism from a boss or a peer, they tended to be less creative in their subsequent work. Interestingly, if an individual received negative feedback from an employee of lower rank, they benefited from it and became more creative.
Some aspects of these findings seem intuitive(凭直觉的). “It makes sense that employees might feel threatened by criticism from their managers,” says Kim. “Supervisors have a lot of influence in deciding promotions or pay raises. So negative feedback from a boss might cause career anxieties.” It also stands to reason that feedback from a co-worker might also be received as threatening because we often compete with our peers for the same promotions and opportunities.
When we feel that pressure from above or from our peers, we tend to fixate on the stressful aspects of it and end up being less creative in our future work, says Kim.
What Kim found most surprising was how negative feedback from their followers (employees that they manage) made supervisors more creative.
“It’s a bit counterintuitive(反直觉的) because we tend to believe we shouldn’t criticize the boss,” says Kim. “In reality, most supervisors are willing to receive negative feedback and learn from it. It’s not that they enjoy criticism –– rather, they are in a natural power position and can cope with the discomfort of negative feedback better.”
The key takeaways: bosses and coworkers need to be more careful when they offer negative feedback to someone they manage or to their peers. And feedback recipients need to worry less when it comes to receiving criticism, says Kim.
“The tough part of being a manager is pointing out a follower’s poor performance or weak points. But it’s a necessary part of the job,” says Kim. “If you’re a supervisor, just be aware that your negative feedback can hurt your followers’ creativity. Followers tend to receive negative feedback personally. Therefore, keep your feedback specific to tasks. Explain how the point you’re discussing relates to only their task behavior, not to aspects of the person.”
In short, anyone who wants to offer negative feedback on the job should do so attentively and sensitively and to promote creativity at work, we should all be receptive to criticism from supervisors, peers and followers.
To keep the creative juices flowing, employees should be receptive to criticism | |
Introduction to the topic | Experiments are conducted to find out whether negative feedback |
Negative feedback can inspire or hold back creativity, | |
Criticism from a boss or a peer | |
Our work is greatly influenced by our supervisors, so their criticism might bring about anxieties. | |
We compete with our peers for the same opportunities, thus feeling | |
Supervisors are in a favourable | |
Enlightenment from the study | When offering criticism to followers or peers, bosses and coworkers need to keep it |
Recipients should adopt a positive | |
| A．A policeman. | B．A gas station clerk. | C．A driving coach. |
3 . My whole career is about clothes – but I have no interest in fashion. What I love doing with clothes is using them to tell a story. That’s what costume design is all about. I wasn’t one of those little girls always dressing up dolls. My parents were musicians, so there was never any money, but our household was artistic.
As a child in the 1950s there was no TV, so we drew, painted and made things out of cardboard boxes. My parents encouraged me and my younger sister to be creative – making a mess was fine, and we were even allowed to draw on one of the walls at our home in Kensington, west London. After school I studied at Central Saint Martins School of Art, where I learned how to draw patterns and cut fabric. Back then it was set design, not costumes, that most interested me.
Thanks to a childhood friend, Nick Young, I was offered some unpaid work on early Merchant Ivory film productions. For a 1978 movie called Hullabaloo Over Georgie And Bonnie’s Pictures, I was asked to put together clothes for its star, Dame Peggy Ashcroft, to wear in India. After a meeting with her, Peggy took me aside. ‘My dear, we’re getting on quite well,’ she said. ‘They’ve given me a first-class ticket to India, now if I change it for two economy flights, will you come with me?’ Of course I said yes! No question.
It was before The Jewel In The Crown and A Passage To India, and Peggy had never been to India. At 70, she was a little nervous, but great fun. We shared a room and I looked after her in every possible way. At night we sat up in our little beds, having a brandy or whisky and discussing our day. After the shoot we went on holiday to Goa together. Peggy rode around on the back of my motorbike!
I became part of the Merchant Ivory team and went on to work on many other period films, including 1996’s Sense And Sensibility. I’ve known Emma Thompson for 30 years and she’s hilarious and wonderful.
I had won an Oscar before, in 1987 for A Room With A View, and have been nominated a further eight times. I keep my Oscars on a desk that belonged to my mother in my study, so they are very much on display but off the beaten track. Not in the living room and certainly not in the downstairs loo!
For a career I somehow fell into, it’s provided me with a wonderful life, really.
1. Why did Peggy and the author make friends with each other?| A．They were of the same age. | B．They worked in the same theater. |
| C．They were both good actors. | D．They got along very well. |
| A．The Jewel In The Crown. |
| B．A Room With A View. |
| C．Hullabaloo Over Georgie And Bonnie’s Pictures. |
| D．A Passage To India. |
| A．To show she was not talented in designing clothes. |
| B．To amuse the readers with a funny story. |
| C．To show her parents inspired her creativity. |
| D．To share a precious memory in her childhood. |
| A．Ambitious | B．Dedicated |
| C．Caring | D．Demanding |
1. Why is the man nervous?
| A．He doesn’t like job interviews. |
| B．He doesn’t want to lose his job. |
| C．He doesn’t have many employment options. |
| A．Three months. | B．Six months. | C．Two years. |
| A．With money from his brother. |
| B．With money from his parents. |
| C．With money from his savings. |
| A．He has finished his research. |
| B．He has been promoted to manager. |
| C．He is going to work in the research center. |
6 . Expectations can be tricky and this is no different in the workplace! As I listen to some Baby Boomer managers relate their frustrations about working with Generation Y( Gen Y/millennials千禧一代) workers, their two main complaints center on their perceptions of the younger generation’s work ethic and sense of entitlement. These managers express that Gen Y workers want the honors of the workplace without putting in the sacrifices to earn them .
The Baby Boomer/Generation Y Conflict is a good title that I often use to describe this new millennium divide between Boomers and Gen Y workers. This conflict comes from different life experiences and generational expectations. Can Baby Boomers and Gen Y just get along? The answer is yes! As managers understand and account for the generational differences, they can move workplace dynamics from frustration and conflict to productivity and mutual understanding. To do so, we have to first understand Boomers and Gen Y.
Born between 1943 and 1960, Boomers, grew up in an environment of social unrest where challenging authority was the norm. As noted in Generations at Work significant events of the Boomer generation include the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, the women liberation movement and the Cold War. Boomers reflect that time in many ways: they tend to think they can change the world and they want to fulfill their own individual goals and potential. They come to the workplace confident, prepared to work hard, and expecting to be rewarded for their efforts.
Born between 1980 and 2000, Gen Y workers grew up in an environment of adult attention where monitoring, recognition, and support were the norm. Significant events of their generation include technology, protective parenting, school yard violence and multiculturalism. Gen Y workers reflect this time in many ways: they are the most technically talented generation and they are the most spoiled generation. Gen Y workers come to the workplace with confidence and a continuing expectation of recognition and support independent of results.
With the understanding that Generation Y workers have significantly different life experiences and expectations, Boomer manager can adjust their own interaction style and move from frustration and conflict to mutual understanding and productivity.
Gen Y workers are used to immediate feedback on how they are doing. It comes from their digital world where information is shared frequently and quickly. Give them ongoing feedback. Be sure to balance the feedback: tell them what they did well as well as how they can improve.
Many Gen Y workers are used to multiple supportive adults in their lives who spoiled and praised them. They respond better to coaching that focuses on outcomes than a direct management style.
Boomer managers sometimes make the assumption that Gen Y workers are rude or disrespectful of authority. More often, however, Gen Y workers do not understand normal standards of workplace behavior. For example, Gen Y workers often expect immediate responses from their bosses on whatever they communicate to them. This comes from their life experiences. They have had cell phones at a young age and are masters at communicating through text messages, social media, etc. Further, they are used to calling the adults in their lives and getting immediate attention. They bring these expectations to the workplace.
Boomers are partly responsible for launching some work-and-life balance programs for Gen Y workers. These younger generations have seen the negative effects that work has produced on some Boomers and decided that they want some balance in their lives. Many do not want to work like what Boomers have done. Boomer managers can engage Gen Y workers by supporting workplace flexibility and work-and-life balance. For these younger generations, work-and-life balance is among their top working priorities.
Expectations are hard to manage and different generations have different workplace expectations！Boomer and Gen Y conflict, however, does not have to continue. When Boomer managers understand these differences, they can both adapt their own interaction style and educate others to promote organizational productivity. These generations do not have to continue to collide in the workplace!
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 1?| A．Gen Y workers always dismiss the honors as useless. |
| B．Boomers complain about the job attitude held by Gen Y. |
| C．Boomers tend to show little respect for Gen Y’s entitlement. |
| D．Gen Y workers don’t care about Boomers’ misunderstandings. |
| A．different attitudes towards accepted social norms. |
| B．the reasons for the frustrations and conflicts at work |
| C．the shared beliefs that united the two separate generations |
| D．the outcomes of different parenting on each generation |
| A．Gentle but reserved. | B．Stubborn and jealous. |
| C．Strict but generous. | D．Ambitious and confident. |
| A．Continual appreciation and assistance unaffected by results. |
| B．Good results as well as acknowledgement from bosses. |
| C．Independent advice on how to gain wide recognition. |
| D．Constant monitoring at work to boost their results. |
| A．Occasionally by post. | B．Instantly and carefully weighed. |
| C．Regularly by means of praise. | D．Directly and casually informed. |
| A．They are accustomed to the comfort of modern life |
| B．Their parents have been paying the same attention to it. |
| C．They don’t want to follow in the footsteps of Boomers. |
| D．Many sacrifices for honors have been made in the workplace. |
7 . I moved to a new city and took a job in marketing. I didn't really understand whether it
A job advertisement for a(n)
I felt a
The biggest change the job brought,
| A．messed with | B．applied to | C．relied on | D．waited for |
| A．purpose | B．convenience | C．restriction | D．entertainment |
| A．reporter | B．lawyer | C．editor | D．typist |
| A．independent | B．intelligent | C．successful | D．ambitious |
| A．courses | B．references | C．software | D．content |
| A．replacement | B．mixture | C．innovation | D．symbol |
| A．amused | B．embarrassed | C．touched | D．surprised |
| A．Naturally | B．Generally | C．Frequently | D．Finally |
| A．contrast | B．shock | C．change | D．shame |
| A．reading | B．translating | C．spelling | D．copying |
| A．Trapped | B．Hidden | C．Invested | D．Imagined |
| A．gaming | B．marketing | C．writing | D．communicating |
| A．hits | B．pages | C．profits | D．advertisements |
| A．monitors | B．sponsors | C．colleagues | D．audiences |
| A．distinction | B．understanding | C．expectation | D．recording |
| A．though | B．instead | C．otherwise | D．therefore |
| A．go into | B．leave behind | C．refer to | D．set aside |
| A．troublesome | B．creative | C．tough | D．conservative |
| A．transfer | B．rescue | C．discipline | D．further |
| A．lucky | B．popular | C．energetic | D．honest |
Imagine that work had taken over the world.It would be the centre around which the rest of life turned.Then all else would come to be subservient(服从于）to work.Then slowly,almost unconsciously,anything else-the games once played,the songs sung now,the loves fulfilled,the festivals celebrated-would come to resemble and finally become work.
And how,in this world of total work,would people think and sound and act?Everywhere they looked,they would see the pre- employed,employed,post-employed,underemployed and unemployed,and there would be no one uncounted in this census(人口普查）。Everywhere they would praise and love work wishing each other the very best for a productive day,opening their eyes to tasks and closing them only to sleep.Everywhere virtue of hard work would be championed as the means by which success is to be achieved,laziness being considered as the gravest sin(罪孽）。 Everywhere among content-providers,knowledge-brokers,collaboration architects and heads of new divisions would be heard endless chatter about workflows,about plans and benchmarks(基准）。
In this world,eating,resting,exercising,meditating and commuting(act of travelling back and forth between home and work)would all be beneficial to good health,which would,in turn,be put in the service of being more and more productive.No one would drink too much,and some would just take a little of psychedelics(迷幻剂）to enhance their work performance.
What is so disturbing about total work is not just that it causes needless human suffering but also that it removes the forms of playful contemplation(沉思）concerned with our asking,thinking and answering the most basic questions of existence.There is,to begin with,constant tension,an dominant sense of pressure associated with the thought that there's something that needs to be done, always something I'm supposed to be doing right now.Secondly,one feels guilt whenever he is not as productive as possible
The burden character of total work,then,is defined by ceaseless,restless,upsetting activity, anxiety about the future,a sense of life being overwhelming,thoughts_about missed opportunities, and guilt connected to the possibility of laziness.In short,total work necessarily causes dukkha,a Buddhist term referring to the unsatisfactory nature of a life filled with suffering.
In addition to causing dukkha,total work blocks access to higher levels of reality.For what is lost in the world of total work is art's disclosure of the beautiful,religion's glimpse of eternity(永恒）， love's pure joy,and philosophy's sense of wonderment(a feeling of pleasant surprise or admiration). All of these require silence,stillness,a wholehearted willingness to simply understand.
Passage outline | Supporting details |
Imagination | If work occupied the world,human life would else and there would also be an |
Possible occurrences | ◇Human life would be a work-sleep pattern. ◇Efforts to make you ◇People of different |
Consequences | ◇Total work not only brings about suffering but also ◇Total work tends to put people under pressure,making them feel tense and ◇Total work causes people to always feel ◇Total work leaves people little |
9 . The phrase "digital nomads(游民)" suggests joyful people who escape their daily work to travel the world, working with laptops on beaches. Relevant statistics regularly made the headline: “There will be one billion digital nomads by 2035".
I started researching digital nomads in 2015, and it took me three years to develop an understanding of what might be going on. I've met hundreds of people who think of themselves as digital nomads and many more who have dreamed about becoming one. The first thing I learned is that how people feel about the label “digital nomad" changes over time. People starting out often assume it's a permanent lifestyle, but that's rarely the case. One of my respondents explained, “I don't go around calling myself a digital nomad now. It's a bit silly." Indeed, there's still debate about whether it's a buzzword(时髦用语) or a real phenomenon. Some have even tried to figure out how “authentic" a digital nomad is, by how much they move from place to place. And there has been heated debate online about who's a real digital nomad, and who is merely self-promoting.
Most of the digital nomads I spoke to, who once had well-paid jobs, told me that they were escaping from deeply-rooted problems in the contemporary Western workplace. One of my respondents, Zeb, was working three restaurant jobs to pay the rent in San Francisco. The city sucked up all his time and money. This made him abandon his plans to sell recycled products online. Swapping expensive California for affordable South-East Asia helped Zeb to launch his own business. Lisette a skilled translator from Hamburg, Germany, is able to produce high-quality work quickly. She soon tired of the culture of presenteeism (出勤主义) at her workplace. She explained, “I'm efficient and I like to get the work done and leave on time. :Others were obviously scared to leave first, so they would sit at their desks and play with their computers."
Nearly 40% of British adults believe their jobs don't make sense. Their housing is of poor quality and too expensive, and the economies don't provide young people with wages they can live on. With these challenges, it's hardly surprising that those new to the world are already desperate to escape. Yet there are certain complexities that come with living as a citizen of the world. As Lsstte said, "Digital nomads can quickly become isolated." Digital nomads have to shoulder responsibility for almost every aspect of modern life: their mental health, daily routine, income, safety and shelter. Most digital nomads travel on tourist visas, which requires them to move regularly ---an experience my participants have described as disorienting (使人迷失方向的).
For those digital nomads who make a living as professional bloggers, it's also part of their job to sell the life-style. As a result, many try to present a stable and happy image online. Lissette explained, "There 's a danger---when my aunt sees my picture online, she thinks that everything looks so happy here on the beach. Of course, my digital identity always looks happier than my real life." But at some point, most of my research participants feel sorrow for the loss of some aspects, such as location dependence, regular work hours. or an office party. They miss some of the things they were escaping. Many nomads I've interviewed just pack up and go home without telling anyone. Being a digital nomad can be rewarding and offers an escape from the boring office hour. But it’s important that digital nomads think deeply about the importance of community and mental health in their lives. Freedom does not mean the same thing for everyone.
1. What does the author think of digital nomads?| A．Easy to get on with. | B．Difficult to define. |
| C．Extremely popular. | D．About to disappear. |
| A．Fierce competition. | B．Economic pressure. |
| C．Rigid working system. | D．Violation of personal space. |
| A．Travelling the world. | B．Enjoying more free time. |
| C．Receiving steady incomes. | D．Being free from real-life pressures. |
| A．Think twice before becoming a digital nomad. |
| B．Share your real life and job on the Internet. |
| C．Have a much more comfortable lifestyle. |
| D．Resign from a dead-end job as soon as possible. |
| A．Digital nomads: what future jobs will be like |
| B．Digital nomads: a trend that will take over the world |
| C．Digital nomads: an effective way to escape your everyday work |
| D．Digital nomads: what it's really like to work while traveling the world |
10 . You and your employer must make sure you can work off campus without a work permit before you start working. If you start working off campus but don’t meet the requirements, you may have to leave Canada.
Eligibility (资格) requirements
You can work off campus without a work permit if you meet all of these requirements:
●you’re a full-time student at a designated learning institution (DLI)
●you're enrolled in a post-secondary academic，vocational or professional training program or a secondary-level vocational training program (Quebec only)
●you’ve started studying
● you have a Social Insurance Number (SIN)
If you’re on an authorized leave from your studies, or you’re switching schools and you’re not studying, you can’t work off campus. You can only return to work once you’re back to studying.
Applying for a Social Insurance Number
●Applying at a Service Canada Centre
●Normally you must apply for a SIN in person, or have someone else apply for you in person. However, if you live in a remote area with no Service Canada Centre within 100 km, you are eligible to apply by mail. To confirm this is the case, you can use your postal code check your eligibility on the Service Canada website or call service Canada at 1-866-274-6627.
Note: There is no fee to apply for a SIN.
1. If you want to apply for a SIN, you can use the following ways except _______.| A．applying at a Service Canada Centre | B．mailing a Service Canada Centre |
| C．having others apply for you in person | D．applying on the Service Canada Centre |
| A．Travel and Tourism | B．Business and Industry |
| C．Jobs and Workplace | D．Immigration and Citizenship |
