1 . Until a century ago, bloodletting was used to treat many ailments. Dating back to before the time of Christ, the treatment involved letting a type of worm, called a leech, suck blood from the patient. People believed that there were liquids called humors in the body and that these determined a person’s personality and health. Bloodletting, they thought, restored a balance to these humors.
At the time, little was known of the working of the human body, but people did know that the same liquid, blood, flowed throughout everyone’s body. They knew it was a vital substance, for loss of any great amount of it meant certain death. Thus, they concluded that all diseases were carried in the bloodstream, and that if the body was relieved of bad blood, health would return. Bloodletting, however, came to be used as a cure-all. Woman were bled to keep them from blushing while members of the clergy were bled to prevent them from thinking sinful and worldly thoughts.
From the 11th to the 18th centuries, barbers were the people to go to if you needed to be bled. This custom explains the significance of the traditional barber’s pole: the white stripes stand for bandages and the red stripe for blood.
1. This passage is concerned about .| A．healthy people and doctors |
| B．bleeding as a cure-all |
| C．barbers of long ago |
| D．leeches with special jobs to do |
| A．sin and redemption |
| B．the bleeding form |
| C．women who are nurses |
| D．humors in the body |
| A．Because more is known about the workings of the human body. |
| B．Because leeches were outlawed |
| C．Because barbers were too busy cutting hair. |
| D．Because today we know that blood is necessary for health |
| A．When | B．However | C．If | D．So |
| A．cures | B．women | C．diseases | D．medicines |
The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or “provider” and purchaser or “consumer” in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various appealing factors of price, quality, and use, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Such condition, however, is not common in most of the health-care industry.
In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician — and even then there may be no real choice — it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesday”, whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is rare that a patient will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.
This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of the decisions, but in general it is the doctor’s judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real “consumer”. As a consequence, the medical staff represents the “power center” in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.
Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants— the physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government)— the physician makes the essential decisions for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bills generated by the physician/hospital, and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care choices are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, the economy directed at patients or the general is relatively ineffective.
1. The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to ________.| A．urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authority |
| B．inform potential patients of their health-care rights |
| C．criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patients |
| D．analyze some important economic factors in health-care |
| A．most of patient’s bills are paid by his health insurance |
| B．it is doctors who generate income for the hospital |
| C．some patients might refuse to take their physician’s advice |
| D．a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patient’s health |
| A．advising the patient to seek a second opinion |
| B．warning the patient that a hospital stay might be necessary |
| C．instructing the patient to buy more medical services |
| D．admitting that the first visit was ineffective |
| A．a proposal to control medical costs |
| B．a study of lawsuits against doctors for malpractice |
| C．an analysis of the cause of inflation (通货膨胀) in the US |
| D．a discussion of a new medical treatment |
Not all memories are sweet. Some people spend all
However, the new research has caused a lot of argument. Supporters say bad memories may ruin people’s lives. They come back
你接受了一项写作任务，为英语校报写一篇科技报道。
[写作内容]
请根据以下信息，介绍国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术。内容包括：
| 技术名称：DNA检测 检测方法：唾液样本分析 检测费用：125英镑 检测时长：4到6周 检测用途： 1. 预测重大疾病 2. 预知食物偏好 3. 提示合适的锻炼方式 检测影响： 1. 增强健康意识 2. 易引起过度焦虑 |
[写作要求]
只能用5个句子表达全部内容；
[评分标准]
句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章连贯。
请先阅读几所大学所提供的健康医疗教育项目：
| A. |  | Argosy University Our postgraduate degree level education provides the knowledge and tools to create successful and meaningful careers. |
| B. |  | Kaplan University Our university offers comprehensive training in health care to prepare you for a career in the health sciences, corrections, or private security. |
| C. |  | Everest College Through our online degree program, you can gain the necessary skills to join the health care industry. It is designed to prepare you for a career in the health sciences. |
| D. |  | Sanford-Brown College SBC is dedicated to providing innovative programs that enable students the opportunity to gain professional skills by practicing in our health care center before they work. |
| E. |  | Rasmussen College The Healthcare Management Bachelor of Science degree at our College will give students the education and practical experience they need to work as administrators. |
| F. |  | Brown Mackie University The Health & nursing programs are designed to provide students with the education needed to enter health and nursing careers. |
下面是几位需要医学教育的学生，请为他们选择适合他们就读的大学：
1. My family immigrated when I was still studying my healthcare courses in a local medical college. So I had to give up my bachelor degree and moved with them. Now I hope to find a college that offers the degree education on the Internet and realize my dream of being a doctor.
2. When I looked after my mother in the hospital ten years ago, I was moved by what the nurses did. They devoted themselves into helping every patient get through the hard time. Since then, I have been determined to take up nursing career, and now, the time is coming.
3. When studying in the university, my professor often told me that it was impossible for me to get every problem solved just with the knowledge in textbooks. It makes me realize I should look for a health care center where I can learn practical skills and gain more experience.
4. After graduating from a medical college and get my bachelor degree five years ago, I became a doctor in a big local health care center. However, I find modern medical research developing fairly rapidly, so I hope to start my postgraduate degree study in a university and serve the people here better.
5. Being a retired doctor, my father always hopes that I can continue his career. I know a doctor can help lots of people, but in fact, my favorite job is managing, no matter in a company, an institution or an organization. So maybe learning how to manage a hospital can satisfy both of us.
