1 . The Masai(马赛人) are continually trying to keep their own ways in an increasingly modern world. They live along the border of Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa, moving their homes from time to time to follow their cattle, the source of their livelihood. They rely on their cattle in many parts of their life. They like drinking the cows’ milk.

They don’t kill their cattle for food. But if a cow is killed, the parts of its body are used to make containers, shoes, clothin,   ropes, bed coverings and so on. Not all of the men have cows. The more cattle a man owns, the richer he is considered to be. A man who owns 50 or fewer cattle is considered poor. Rich men have a thousand or more. The cattle, though owned by the man, are considered to belong to the man’s entire family. The family names the cattle and can recognize each animal’s special voice.

The Masai men have become known as warriors(勇士), protecting their cattle against other wild animals. They wear their red long hair. Most women often take care of their children, cook food, clean clothes and make clothing at home. They also make necklaces dresses and headdresses. A few women can also become authorities once they are powerful enough. They speak a language called Maa.

The houses of Masai made from sticks and grass, which are held together with a mixture of mud, are not very firm or safe. These plain houses with some basic supplies are built in a circle and make up a Masai village. They are not meant to last long since the migration(迁徙) of the cow population means that the Masai move as well. In the meantime, in order to prevent animals from entering, they also form a wall of branches. The whole setup is to protect the cattle, which sleep at night in the middle of the village. They seem to live a natural and self-sufficient life but lack modern civilisation.

1. What do we know about the Masai?

A．They don’t move in their lives.

B．They each have their own cows.

C．They don’t kill their cattle at all.

D．They are heavily dependent on cattle.

2. What do most of the Masai women work as?

A．Designers.	B．Authorities.
C．Housewives.	D．Warriors.

3. Which word best describes Masai houses?

A．Modern.

B．Lasting

C．Simple.

D．Safe.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Africans: Living a Moving life

B．Africans: Brave People in the World

C．The Masai: Rich People in East Africa

D．The Masai: Maintaining a Traditional Lifestyle

2 . 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Mark Levine, originally from the US, has lived in China for 17 years and     1     (make)a close bond with the country.

Before coming to China, Levine heard that China is a country with 56 ethnic groups.     2     like many Americans, he didn’t quite get what it’s like. “In the United States often people don’t understand     3     concept of China as a multi-ethnic country, “Levine said.

Yet,    4    (work) as a teacher at Minzu University of China gives him a better insight than other Americans. He sees     5     (student) from many different ethnic groups in his class, such as Han, Tibetan, Uygur, Miao, Tujia, Bouyei, Zhuang and so on. They not only study together, but also play, eat and shop together after class. It’s different     6    what he sees in Western media. “What I see is a commonality (共通性)and common interests, ＂the 74-year-old said.

    7     (learn) more about ethnic groups in China, Levine volunteered at the university’s Museum of Ethnic Cultures for many years, studying     8    (it) exhibits. In daily life, he also invites his students to introduce their unique cultures and traditions to him.

As he has learned more about China, he has built a     9     (deep) connection to the country. In his free time as a     10     (music), Levine has written nearly 80 songs about China. The most recent song he wrote is called My China Surprise(《中国让我没想到》). In the song, he says, “My China surprise, you can see it in my eyes. It’s the light that shines in them wherever I go. ”

3 . The Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania live a life that has not changed much over ten thousand years. They have no crops, no house animals, no permanent shelters. In spite of long exposure to agriculturalist groups around them, the Hadza have maintained their lifestyle.

The story of the spread of agriculture is the story of growing population density (密度). Villages formed, then cities, then nations. Agriculture’s rise, however, came with a price. It introduced infectious diseases, social inequality, occasional famines (饥荒) and war. Professor Jared Diamond of UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) has called the adoption of agriculture “the worst mistake in human history”— a mistake from which we have never recovered.

Looking at the Hadza, you can see why he came to this conclusion. They do not engage in warfare. They do not live densely (稠密地) enough to be threatened by an infectious outbreak. They have no known history of famine (饥荒). The Hadza diet is more stable (稳定 的) and varied than that of most of the world’s citizens. They live almost entirely free of possessions. They enjoy an extraordinary amount of leisure time, “working” — actively pursuing food — only four to six hours a day.

The chief reason the Hadza have been able to maintain their lifestyle so long is that their homeland is not an inviting place. Recently, however, population growth has brought a flood of people into Hadza lands. The region has generally been viewed by outsiders as unused, a Place in need of development. The Hadza, who by nature are not a combative (好战的) people, have almost always moved away instead of fighting.

There are many things to envy about the Hadza, mostly what free spirits they appear to be. Free from schedules, jobs, bosses, bills, traffic, taxes, laws, social duties and money. But who of us could live like them? It’s incredibly risky. Medical help is far away. One bad fall from a tree, one bite from a snake, and you’re dead. The fact is that it’s too late for us to go back to the Hadza lifestyle. Of greater concern is that soon it may be impossible for them to maintain theirs.

1. What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Agriculture’s rise.	B．The growth of population.
C．The formation of village.	D．The appearance of a city.

2. What’s the characteristic of the Hadza?

A．They are always busy in all seasons

B．They like fighting with the other nations

C．They are often in hunger because of fight

D．They are always leading a free life without fight.

3. What can be learned from the last paragraph?

A．It’s convenient for the people of Hadza to get medical care.

B．It’s worth visiting the beautiful scenery of the Hadza.

C．Visitors can be welcomed warmly by the people of the Hadza.

D．The author is worried about the current situation of the Hadza.

4. Which is the best title for the text?

A．Agriculture of the Hadza	B．The Unique Hadza Lifestyle
C．The Attractive Diet of the Hadza	D．The Medical Care of the Hadza

4 . Peru is the third largest country in South America, after Brazil and Argentina. It is made up of a variety of landscapes, from mountains and beaches to deserts and rain forests. Most people live along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, where the capital, Lima, is located.

Along Peru’s west coast is a narrow strip (狭长地带) of desert, which is about 1, 555 miles long. Ancient people, called the Chimú and the Nasca, first lived in this region thousands of years ago. The coastal desert makes up only about 10 percent of Peru, but it is home to more than half of all Peruvians.

The world’s largest rain forest, the Amazon, covers nearly half of Peru. Called the selva in Spanish, this huge jungle (丛林), which also covers half of Brazil, is home to plants and animals that do not live anywhere else on Earth, Some scientists think there may even be Indian tribes (部落) there that have never seen the outside world.

The second highest mountain range in the world runs through Peru. These peaks, called the Andes, are so tall and forbidding that the ancient Inca people thought they were gods. They run from north to south and can be seen from Peru’s beaches 50 miles to the west. The highest peak of it, Mount Huascaran, is 22, 205 feet high.

1. Where did most Peruvians live?

A．In the huge jungle.	B．In the Indian tribe.
C．In the mountain.	D．In the coastal desert.

2. What can we know about Peru?

A．Almost half of Peru is covered by rain forests.

B．It is the third largest country in population in South America.

C．More than half of the native population live in the mountains.

D．About 1, 555 years ago, ancient people moved to the coastal desert.

3. What is special about the mountains in Peru?

A．They can’t be seen from the Peru’s coast.

B．They are where most Peru’s people plant rice.

C．Some of them belong to the second highest mountain range.

D．The highest mountain range in Peru runs from east to west.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．The Attractions of Peru	B．The History of Peru
C．The Official Languages of Peru	D．The Geography of Peru

5 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Free education and health care     1     (be) surely among the reasons why the “2017 World Happiness Report” declared Norway as the happiest country in the world. Researchers link their happiness     2     their community work called dugnad in their language.

Before you rush out to help an elderly neighbor cross the street or walk dogs at your local animal shelter, although both are worthwhile     3     (activity), you need to know that dugnad does not directly translate into traditional volunteering, although the work of a dugnad is     4     (volunteer).

    5     (deep) rooted in the country’s culture, dugnad is different from traditional charitable (慈善的) work. It describes times     6     community members come together to contribute their skills to     7     goal of beautifying a certain location. This could be through repairs, building, cleaning, gardening or painting. Never     8     (worry) if you don’t own any painting supplies or aren’t sure how to garden.

You can still contribute by showing up at a charitable community event with water, coffee, or baked goods in hand. A     9     (share) meal after the act of helping one another can bring us     10     (close) to neighbors, co­workers, or fellow parents at our children’s school than before.