1 . Cities across America have set up bike-share programs as sustainable (可持续的) transportation alternatives to ease traffic jams. Yet despite these programs’ advantages and popularity, significant operational challenges remain.

Residential neighborhoods face shortages of bicycles in the morning rush hour, while business districts have a lack of bikes in the evening. What’s more, parking docks can be full at certain hours when riders have reached their destinations. Currently, many systems rebalance their bike supply using box trucks that reallocate dozens of bikes at a given time. This is a costly, time-consuming attempt that enlarges the systems’ carbon footprint. Thus, it is vital that rebalancing be as efficient as possible. With that in mind, my colleagues and I set out to develop advanced algorithms (算法) to deal with the novel challenges of bike-share operations.

One area to which our methods were applied was the Bike Angels program that our collaborators run in cities across the country. Initially, riders of Bike Angels earn points by renting or returning bikes at certain high-need stations.

In a study, we found that these fixed patterns cause inefficiencies when returns are incentivized (激励) in locations where they do not actually help with rebalancing.

The changes to operational patterns we made based on our algorithms can increase the efficiency of the incentives by around 15 percent. And importantly, this form of rebalancing comes with a much better carbon footprint than box trucks!

Our algorithms are applied for other purposes, too. For instance, by analyzing usage information, we were able to help operators make accurate determinations about whether they need to send out crews to fix a broken bike or dock as well as dealing with maintenance (维修) issues in a timely manner.

To be sure, algorithms can’t fix every new transportation problem and they have many limitations. But what is clear is that many challenges that come with new options, including e-bikes and free-floating bike-share systems, require the real-time data-driven approaches.

1. What can we learn about bike-share programs in Paragraph 1?

A．They have many drawbacks.

B．They add a burden to city traffic.

C．They work much better in business districts.

D．They increase the popularity of sharing economy.

2. What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 probably refer to?

A．How to reduce box trucks’ carbon footprint.

B．How to use box trucks to reallocate bikes.

C．How to rebalance bike supply efficiently.

D．How to help riders earn more points.

3. Which of the following shows the advantages of the author’s algorithms?
①Increasing box-truck companies’ profit.
②Improving the effectiveness of incentives.
③Providing more incentives for regular cyclists.
④Making bike reallocation more environmentally friendly.
⑤Making the maintenance of bikes more timely and accurate.

A．①②③

B．①③④

C．③④⑤

D．②④⑤

4. What can be the suitable title for the text?

A．Creative approaches to easing traffic jams

B．Advantages of developing advanced algorithms

C．An introduction of Bike Angels’ incentive system

D．An effective solution to bike-share operational problems

2 . 假定你是李华，你班最近组织了一次“尊老爱幼”的志愿服务活动，请你给你校英文报写一篇新闻稿，内容包括：
1. 活动时间和地点；   2. 活动开展的情况；   3. 同学们的感受。
注意：
1. 词数：80左右；   2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：敬老院 nursing home

3 . When I began planning to move to Auckland to study, my mother was worried about a lack of jobs and cultural differences. Ignoring these________, I got there in July 2010. ________ I arrived, I realized the importance of getting a job for my living experience. Determined to do this________, I spent several weeks going door-to-door for a job, but found________ response.

One afternoon, I walked into a building to ask________ there were any job opportunities. The people there advised me not to continue my job search in that________. As I was about to________, a man who had been listening approached me and asked me to wait outside for a while. Nearly ten minutes later, he________. He asked me about my plans and encouraged me to stay________. Then he offered to take me to Royal Oak to________   a job.

I was a little surprised, but had a good feeling about him. Along the way, I realized that I had________ resumes(简历). Seeing this, the man________ at his business partner’s office to make me fifteen________ copies. He also gave me some suggestions on dressing and speaking. I handed out my resume and went home feeling very________. The following day, I received a call from a store in Royal Oak offering me a job.

It seems that the world always________ to you when you need it. And this time, it was a complete stranger who turned out to be a real blessing.

1.

A．doubts

B．reasons

C．instructions

D．concerns

2.

A．Even if

B．Every time

C．Soon after

D．Now that

3.

A．on my way

B．on my own

C．by any chance

D．by the day

4.

A．any

B．much

C．little

D．some

5.

A．whether

B．wherever

C．why

D．whenever

6.

A．direction

B．manner

C．language

D．attitude

7.

A．answer

B．work

C．refuse

D．leave

8.

A．passed

B．hesitated

C．returned

D．regretted

9.

A．positive

B．busy

C．silent

D．comfortable

10.

A．pick out

B．give up

C．take on

D．search for

11.

A．made use of

B．run out of

C．taken care of

D．become tired of

12.

A．appeared

B．knocked

C．glanced

D．stopped

13.

A．more

B．right

C．former

D．different

14.

A．lonely

B．satisfied

C．disappointed

D．funny

15.

A．turns off

B．goes over

C．gives back

D．looks up

4 . No human has set foot on the Moon since 1972. Now, after more than four decades of inactivity, interest in putting humans back on the Moon is finally heating up again. But who will get there first?

CHINA

On 14 December 2013, China successfully landed its Jade Rabbit rover(探测车)on the Moon. It is now working on its next exploration mission. Named Chang’e 4, the mission is scheduled to touch down in the Aitken Basin near the end of 2018. If successful, it will be the first landing on the Moon’s far side.

RUSSIA

Russia plans a manned Moon landing in 2030. It is currently working on a project whose idea is that the landers will explore the south pole of the Moon, exploring for resources such as minerals and water ice to be used to provide for a human outpost(前哨站).

INDIA

Following the success of its Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, India announced a follow-on mission. Chandrayaan-2 was meant to cooperate with Russia. But when the Russians failed to deliver the promised lander in 2013, India decided to go it alone. Chandrayaan-2 is about to be sent up in 2018.

U. S. A.

In December 2018, NASA plans to send up the Exploration Mission 1, an uncrewed test of their Orion astronaut capsule in which the craft will circle around the Moon before returning to Earth. All being well, a crewed capsule will follow in 2023. Should the mission prove a success, the astronauts will be the first humans to see the far side of the Moon with their own eyes since Apollo 17 in 1972.

1. What will China do in its next space mission?

A．Improve its Jade Rabbit rover.

B．Work with other countries.

C．Land Chang’e 4 on the Moon.

D．Explore the south pole of the Moon.

2. Why did India try to carry out its follow-on mission alone?

A．It couldn’t find a partner.

B．It didn’t get the lander as planned.

C．The Russians refused to work with India.

D．It planned to launch Chandrayaan-2 in advance.

3. Which country is interested in resources on the Moon?

A．Russia.

B．China.

C．India.

D．U. S. A.

5 . Yawning is something we all do -- maybe because we're bored carrying out boring tasks or because we're tired. Sometimes, just seeing other people yawn can set you off. But is this biological function really contagious, and why do we do it in the first place?

Many of us think we open our mouths when we yawn to take in more oxygen, but in fact it appears there is no clear biological reason. According to BBC Bitesize, new research suggests it might be because yawning cools the brain down and prevents it from overheating, much like the fan in your laptop. This might be why we're more likely to feel sleepy and yawn in warm temperatures.

What is clear is that we yawn more when we're exhausted and ready for a nap, and we can't control when we do it -- once we start, there's no stopping us! But it's also true that yawning is a very contagious behavior. John Drury, a researcher from Sussex University found in his research that there is a connection with our social group and how close we are to the people in it. If we identify with the person who exhibits the behavior, we are likely to copy it too.

Another research by the University of Nottingham in 2017 found similar results. They asked volunteers to watch other people yawn. They found their ability to resist yawning when others around them yawned was limited. And the urge to yawn was increased when people were told they couldn't. They also found, when using electrical stimulation, that they were able to increase people's desire to yawn. These findings, they say, could be useful in treating other conditions like Tourette's, which involve the same area of the brain.

What is certain is that a yawn can creep up on us at any time even when we think we're not tired --but, I hope, not when you're reading this article!

1. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “contagious”？

A．Infectious.

B．Active.

C．Dangerous.

D．Efficient.

2. According to a new research, we yawn because

A．we are too exhausted.

B．our brain needs more oxygen.

C．we are bored with difficult tasks.

D．our brain needs to be cooled down.

3. What is the similarity between John Drury's findings and those of the university of Nottingham?

A．Humans can't stop yawning as it is beneficial.

B．When told not to yawn, we will yawn less frequently.

C．Using electrical stimulation can stimulate people to yawn.

D．We are more likely to yawn when someone around us yawns.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．The reasons for yawning.

B．The benefits of studying yawning.

C．The necessity of yawning.

D．The similarity of the studies on yawning.

6 . Feel like a family day trip outside London? Here are some of the best choices.

Harry Potter Studio

The Harry Potter Studio tour is one of the easiest day trips from London. Just read the directions on the website where you buy tickets and follow the crowds from the train to the bus. It is a unique experience. A walk through the studio allows families to appreciate every little detail that was put into the production of the Harry Potter movies from the costumes to the sets. Visitors can view the Potions Classroom, board the Hogwarts’ Express, and walk through the Dursley’s house.

Leeds Castle

Leeds Castle is one of the most beautiful castles in the UK. It is surrounded by a river and gardens, making it a relaxing and peaceful place. Leeds Castle is open for self-guided tours, and there are kid-friendly shows. Leeds Castle has a wonderfully-designed maze (迷宫), which has a surprise at the center that will appeal to all ages, not just children looking for a place to play. Leeds Castle also has a big playground, one part of which is set aside for small kids while the other inspires teenagers in an old game of hide-and-seek.

Windsor Castle

Windsor Castle is used by the current British royal family. This makes it the longest-occupied palace in Europe. Afraid that your young children might feel dull? Don’t worry. There is a kids’ audio tour available as well as an activity that features crafts (手工艺), coloring and dress-up for little ones. And in the summer months, parents will be happy to know that there is a place to get an ice cream for their kids centrally located in the castle complex (建筑群).

1. What can visitors do on the Harry Potter Studio tour?

A．Buy some costumes.

B．Ride on a special train.

C．See Harry Potter movies.

D．Study in the Potions Classroom.

2. What can we learn about Leeds Castle?

A．Visitors must go on a tour with a guide.

B．The gardens are meant for hide-and-seek.

C．Kids can have a fun time on the playground.

D．The maze is especially popular among grown-ups.

3. How might children like the trip to Windsor Castle?

A．Tiresome.	B．Comfortable.
C．Adventurous.	D．Interesting.

7 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Chang’e-5 Mission Successfully Returns Moon samples to Earth

After weeks of space travel, China’s Chang’e-5 probe(探测) came to Earth     1     fresh lunar rock and soil samples on the morning of Dec.17,2020, the returner capsule of     2     landed at the designated landing site in Siziwang Banner in north China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Zhang Kejian, head of     3     China National Space Agency(CNSA), declared Chang’e-5 mission a success,     4     (mark) the conclusion of China’s lunar exploration.

At a     5     (high) about 10 km above ground, a parachute (降落伞) opened, and the returner landed     6     (smooth).

An air team who were in helicopters     7     (spot ) the capsule using infrared(红外线的) cameras, while a ground team followed in SUVs to reach the landing site     8     (cover) with snow.

    9     the scientists did on Chang’e-5 paid off at last, which inspires more and more Chinese people     10     (devote) themselves to further space research.

8 . 阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Long ago in Ethiopia（埃塞俄比亚） a woman named Leeya married a man who had a son. Try as Leeya might, she could not seem to spark a connection with（建立关系） the child. After several months of this, Leeya didn't know what to do.

Now in Leeya's village there was a medicine man, a healer. After Leeya came up to the healer's hut, she introduced herself and cried." 'Make me a potion （药剂）. Anything! Whatever it takes to get this child to respond to me."

The medicine man looked her in the eye and said. " This is not the same as fixing a broken bone. There is a potion that will change the child's behavior toward you. But you must bring me a whisker （胡须）from a live lion. ” Such a thing is not possible! How could she get a whisker from a live lion?

The next day, she left the house. Leeya went to a place where a lion was known to live. She walked up to a safe distance, set a bowl of meat down on the grass, stepped away quickly and hid herself carefully. A lion indeed lived there, and watching her away, approached the bowl to enjoy the meat.

Every day, she did this and so did the lion. Until one morning the lion was sitting next to the empty bowl when she arrived, waiting for her. This time she sat and petted its thick fur. " Actually," she thought, it is a rather friendly creature, when you get to know it. ” Finally she quickly cut off a whisker, careful not to hurt the lion in any way. "Thank you, my gentle friend," she said.

注意:1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Quickly, she ran to the medicine man's hut.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

"What have you done?!" Leeya cried. "What it took for me to get that!"

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。

David opened his box which was full of cards. He dropped them onto the table and put his bag beside them. It was the day before Thanksgiving Day, and David wanted to give a card to everyone in his class. He opened the bag and looked inside. David’s mom sat down next to him. “What are you looking for?” she asked.

“Ms. Ross gave us a list of everyone in the class,” said David, searching carefully in his bag. “I can’t find mine. If I don’t have my list, I won’t know what names to put on the cards.”

“Take everything out and let’s look for it together,” suggested Mom.

They looked in David’s spelling folder (文件夹) and in his math folder. They shook out his reading book and checked all the pockets in his bag. They found an old note about a meeting at school, but they didn’t find the list.

David frowned(皱眉头). “Now I can’t give out the cards at school,” he said.

“Don’t give up so easily,” said Mom. She took a piece of paper from his folder. “How many children are there in your class?”

“Seventeen,” said David. “I can’t remember them all.”

“Wait,” said Mom, writing down the numbers from one to seventeen. “Now, who do you play with during the break?”

“Brian, Todd and John.” David answered.

Mom wrote down their names. “And which children ride on your school bus?” she asked.

“Angie, Jill, Brad and Mark.”

She wrote down their names. “That makes seven, only ten more to go. Who sits in the first row in your classroom that we haven’t named yet?” David tried to remember the seating arrangements in his class. “Sheila, Beth, and Amy sit in the first row. Chris and Joey sit in the second row.”

Paragraph 1:
They made a good start and things were getting easier.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
David thought hard, but who was the last one that he had missed?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The center of American automobile innovation     1    (move) 2,000 miles away in the past decade. It has migrated from Detroit to Silicon Valley,     2     self-driving vehicles are coming into life.

In a bid to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced legislation   that could make their state     3    (good) place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road.

“Michigan’s role in auto research and development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to take     4     place of our leadership in transportation. We can’t let happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead sponsor of four bills     5    (recent) introduced.

If all four bills pass as     6    (write), they would represent an important update of Michigan’s 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturer would have nearly total freedom     7    (test) their self-driving technology on public roads. They would     8    (allow) to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set on-demand rows of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building.

Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial use of self-driving technology.     9    contrast, California, home of Silicon Valley, proposed far more restrictive rules that would require human drivers be ready for the commercial     10    (apply) of self-driving technology.