2 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

There is a strong evidence that the rise in temperature has led to     1     increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only     2    (cause) serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take actions     3    (appropriate), this warming trend will continue and there will be a much     4    (high) price to pay. In fact, people frequently hear news reports broadcast on the media about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves.

3 . Sometimes we may find that every week there are a lot of new stories about how climate change is affecting the planet, or new plans to battle its effects. But the concept itself isn't new at all --- in fact, scientists have been exploring questions about climate change for almost 200 years.

The idea of “greenhouse gases” goes back to 1824, when Joseph Fourier wondered what was regulating the earth's temperature. Fourier concluded that the atmosphere must be responsible for containing the heat absorbed from the sun and described it as a box with a glass lid: As light shines through the glass, the inside gets warmer as the lid traps the heat. As Fourier's ideas spread, it came to be called “the greenhouse effect”.

Scientists continued to study the greenhouse effect. Not until a Swedish chemist named Svante Arrhenius came along, did scientists understand how global warming actually works. After years of work, Arrhenius determined that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere did in fact have a direct effect on global temperatures.

Arrhenius found that CO₂, and other gases trap radiation, which warms the atmosphere. Arrhenius was the first to suspect that burning coal could contribute to the greenhouse effect. But Arrhenius welcomed the warming effect on the planet. At a lecture later that year, Arrhenius noted that creatures of a warmer earth “might live under a milder sky and in less barren surroundings”.

While Arrhenius' findings won him the 1903 Nobel Prize in chemistry, scientists kept debating whether the greenhouse effect was increasing until 1950, when researchers finally began to find strong data supporting it. By the end of the 1950s, American scientists had been sounding the alarm on the long-term consequences of climate change. Climate change research has come a long way since Fourier first described the greenhouse effect – still, maybe Arrhenius should have been more careful of what he wished for.

1. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．The atmosphere.

B．The greenhouse effect.

C．The climate change.

D．The heat from the sun.

2. When did the scientists find evidence for the bad effect of global warming?

A．In 1903.

B．In 1950.

C．200 years ago.

D．By the end of 1950s.

3. What's the author's attitude towards Arrhenius' wish?

A．Positive.

B．Indifferent.

C．Supportive.

D．Opposed.

4. What’s the main idea of the text?

A．Causes of climate change.

B．Effects of greenhouse gases.

C．Explorations on climate change.

D．Findings about global warming.

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

At 8,844.43 meters high, Mount Qomolangma is     1     (tall) mountain on Earth. While     2     is famous for its challenging hike, parts of the mountain are facing a problem: garbage. Every year, thousands of     3     (visit) throw away tons of trash, including soda cans (罐) and plastic bags.

According to the UN, over 140 tons of trash have been left on the mountain. To reduce trash, China is limiting the number of people     4     can climb the mountain’s north side. Only 300 people will     5     (allow) to climb it each year, and only during spring.

Local residents cleaned the mountain last year,     6     (remove) trash at a height of 5,200 meters. They     7     (collect) about 8.4 metric tons of trash, according to figures from the Tibet autonomous region’s government (西藏自治区人民政府).

This year, the local government plans to spend 4 million yuan       8    a new clean-up campaign, setting up stations to sort, recycle and break down garbage collected from the mountain.

In addition to trash, workers will also collect the bodies of     9     (die)   climbers. As of the 2019 climbing season, more than 300 people have died on Qomolangma, with 12 deaths this year.

A group of artists will try to turn some trash into artwork. They will show these works     10     (local), to remind people not to leave trash when climbing the mountain.

5 . Air pollution is a killer. The World Health Organization says it kills an estimated seven million people around the world each year.     1    ，it can make us very sick.

However，breathing dirty air may do more than hurt your body.    2     .A new study shows that air pollution can cause a“huge”reduction in our intelligence. The researchers reposed that long-time exposure to air pollution can affect a person’s mental abilities in two areas: language and mathematics.

    3    .Between 2010 and 2014，these Chinese men，women and children were given language and math tests. Then they compared the test results with measurements of pollution in the air，namely nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide，and found that breathing polluted air can reduce a person’s education level by about one year.

It has found that the effect generally is worse for those over 64 years of age，for men and for those with little or no education.

    4     .And we find，quite interestingly，males are more affected than females. And people working outdoors are more affected than people working indoors，”one of researchers said.

He noted that the youngest people in the study were 10 years old，while the oldest was 90.They came from 25 of China’S 33 provinces.    5    .

The researchers also noted that the effect of pollution on verbal ability is even more serious as people age，especially among men and the less educated.

A．Even if polluted air does not kill us

B．The elderly people are more affected

C．Therefore，some measures should be taken

D．Air pollution is one of the major problems of China

E．It can also affect your brain and your ability to think

F．The researchers studied about 25，000 people across China

G．This range of ages and locations provided a “good representative sample”

7 . Plastic waste has polluted the Arctic. Two new studies have spied bags, fishing rope and tinier bits of rubbish in the Barents Sea. This sea sits north of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. It mixes with the Arctic Ocean, which is even farther north.

Plastic waste in the Arctic could harm wildlife and may hint that large volumes of human rubbish are collecting there, says Melanie Bergmann. She is one of the scientists who spotted the waste. She studies Earth’s oceans at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, Germany. She first started counting bits of plastics in the Barents Sea because she kept spotting signs of the stuff there in images taken with deep-sea cameras.

Bergmann and her colleagues counted pieces of plastic from an icebreaker, a boat designed to break through large blocks of ice in very cold waters. They also tracked plastic pieces they saw during helicopter rides over Arctic waters. The team found 31 pieces of plastic. “That doesn’t seem like much, but it shows us that we’ve really got a problem, one that extends even to this remote area, far from civilization,” Bergmann says. She and her colleagues described their findings October 21 in Polar Biology.

Another team has also been counting plastics in the area. Those scientists took water from the Barents Sea and counted the number of smaller bits of plastics, called microplastics.

Plastic in the ocean is dangerous to animals. Some may get caught in rope or bags. And wildlife may swallow bags and other plastic bits. That makes them feel full. But some may eventually starve because they are not getting the nutrients they need to live. Sometimes plastics also may break down in an animal’s body and release poisonous chemicals. If another animal later eats the one that swallowed plastic, it too can end up with poisonous chemicals in its body. This, in turn, can travel up the food web, endangering predators (肉食动物) — even people.

1. What can be learned from Para 1?

A．Europe is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean.

B．The Barents Sea is to the north of the Arctic.

C．The Arctic Ocean is polluted by plastic rubbish.

D．European countries are to blame for the pollution.

2. What has brought Bergmann’s attention to plastic waste in Barents Sea?

A．Human rubbish dumped in the sea.

B．Pictures taken by deep-sea cameras.

C．Sea water taken to the laboratory.

D．Wildlife spotted by helicopter.

3. What concerned Bergmann according to Para 3?

A．Plastic is found in the remote sea.

B．The sea is covered with plastic.

C．Advanced tools are in great need.

D．People suffered from bad weather.

4. Why is plastic dangerous to animals?

A．Animals may get choked by bags or plastic bits.

B．Animals may die of hunger if they swallow bags.

C．Plastic can release harmful gases to kill animals.

D．It is hard for plastic bags and bits to break down.

8 . Right in front of the Minneapolis Central Library, a row of green bikes sits parked in a special stand. Each bike is designed with the logo “Nice Ride”—the name of the city’s bike-share program.

Nice Ride bikes are a lot like the library books that people come here to borrow. To rent a bike, you simply use your membership card at a Nice Ride bike station. Members can rent one of 1,200 bikes from138 stations throughout Minnesota's largest city. People use the Nice Ride bikes to go to work, to go out on business, or just to enjoy the city’s many bike paths.

The rise of bike-share programs like Nice Ride is encouraging more people than ever to choose biking over driving. Rising gas prices and concerns about the environment have also gotten people to dust off their bike helmets, pump air into flat tires, and hit the road.

Why ride? Not only is biking good exercise, but switching from a car to a bike also reduces the amount of pollution in the air. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas linked to climate change, is one of the many polluting substances that come out of a car's tailpipe.

Bike-share systems are found around the world in cities like London, Paris, Barcelona, and Melbourne, Australia. The largest program-with 70,000 bikes-is in Wuhan, China.

To make roads friendlier to non-motorists, the U．S．Department of Transportation has invested more than a billion dollars in cycling and pedestrian projects in recent years．The money went toward building thousands of miles of on-street bike lanes and bike-and pedestrian-only passages called green ways．

1. If one wants to use the bike，it's a must to __________．

A．give away a bicycle	B．know Nice Ride well
C．pay the cost in advance	D．get a membership card

2. Which of the following can people do with the bikes?

A．Earn a living．	B．Enjoy bikeways．
C．Compete in a race．	D．Rent them out to others．

3. Paragraph 4 is mainly about _____________．

A．benefits of biking	B．pollution caused by cars
C．methods to use the bikes	D．ways to reduce pollution

4. Which of the following is true of Nice Ride?

A．It will take the place of taxi companies．

B．China has better public bike systems．

C．It attracts more people to choose biking．

D．The government lacks money to support it.

5. The author's purpose in writing this text is to ______________．

A．spread bike-share programs	B．seek advice for Nice Ride
C．compare Nice Ride with libraries	D．introduce the public bike system

10 . The outbreak of locusts, an insect that mainly lives in Africa and Asia, is the worst experienced by Kenya in 70 years. The crowds are some three times the size of New York City, eating their way through thousands of acres of crops and animal grassland and destroying livelihoods in the process.

“These hungry things are alarming,” says Keith Cressman, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization's senior locust forecasting officer. "A crowd the size of Manhattan can, in a single day, eat the same amount of food as everyone in New York and California combined."

Desert locusts are infamous for their ability to breed(繁育)rapidly in large numbers every three months. And with some help from the wind, they can travel as much as 80 miles a day. Most years, the insects stay in African deserts. However, under the right environmental conditions, they can multiply quickly, spread as much as 400 times every six months and cause extensive destruction if left unchecked.

“The insect has the ability to take advantage of good conditions.” Cressman says.

The "good conditions" the scientist is referring to began in mid-2018 when a rainstorm from the Indian Ocean struck a remote area of the Arabian Peninsula known as the "Empty Quarter". Normally, it would dry out within a short period, killing most of the locust population, which depends on green plants for food. However, in late 2018, a second rainstorm struck the same region. The huge sandy area got wet, which is exactly what desert locusts need to lay their eggs and breed. The extra food supply caused the population to explode for the second time in six months.

Luckily, the locusts, experts say, are easy to control with chemicals. Kenya badly needs equipment and a steady supply of chemicals to effectively wipe out the massive insects. Hopefully, leaders worldwide will recognize the tough situation and contribute generously to control the locust outbreak.

1. What can we infer from what Cressman says in paragraph 2?

A．Little can dull locusts' appetite.

B．Urgent action must be taken against locusts.

C．Overpopulation in big cities leads to food shortages.

D．New York and California should meet challenges together.

2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．Locusts' living conditions.	B．Locusts' destructive effect.
C．Locusts' daily travel distance.	D．Locusts' super reproductive power.

3. For what purpose does the author mention "good conditions"?

A．To explain immediate causes of the locust outbreak.

B．To remind locals to preserve the environment.

C．To analyze how to prevent locust outbreak.

D．To highlight the strength of two rainstorms.