1 . Children's average daily time spent watching television or using mobile device increased from 53 minutes at age 12 months to more than 150 minutes at 3 years, according to an analysis by researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). By age 8, children were more likely to log the highest amount of screen time if they had been in home-based children or were born to first-time mothers.
“Our results indicate that screen habits begin early, ”said Edwina Yeung, an investigator in National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD).“This finding suggests that interventions(干涉) to reduce screen time could have a better chance of success if introduced early.”
In the research, mothers of 4, 000 children responded to questions on their kids' media habits when they were 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends avoiding digital media exposure for children under 18 months of age, introducing children 18 to 24 months of age to screen media slowly, and limiting screen time to an hour a day for children from 2 to 5 years of age. In the current study, researchers found that 87% of the children had screen time exceeding (超过) these recommendations. However, while screen time increased throughout toddlerhood, by age 7 and 8, screen time fell to under 1.5 hours per day. The researchers believe this decrease relates to time consumed by school-related activities.
The study authors classified the children into two groups based on how much their average daily screen time increased from age 1 to age 3. The first group, 73% of the total had the lowest increase, from an average of nearly 51 minutes a day to nearly an hour and 47 minutes a day. The second group, 27% of the total, had the highest increase, from nearly 37 minutes of screen time a day to about 4 hours a day. Higher levels of parental education were associated with lower odds of inclusion in the second group.
1. Who use mobile device longest according to the NIH's analysis?| A．10-year-old born to first-time mothers. | B．3-year-old children in low income families. |
| C．8-year-old children in home-based childcare. | D．1-year-old children with parents poorly educated. |
| A．Parents should stop their children using media. |
| B．Parents should limit the use of digital media themselves. |
| C．Parents should reduce their children's screen time earlier. |
| D．Parents should avoid their children using digital media at infancy (婴儿期). |
| A．They are studying at school. | B．They can control themselves. |
| C．They are tired of using them. | D．They are forbidden to use them. |
| A．Keep Away from Media | B．Screen Habits Begin Early |
| C．Urgency of Parental Education | D．Harm of Home-based Childcare |
2 . The U.S. is still out in front of global competitors when it comes to innovation(革新), but American universities-where new ideas often spread - have reason to look over their shoulders.
That's especially true for technologies like 5G phone networks and artificial intelligence. In President Donald Trump's opinion, they're exactly the fields where the U.S. has to lead-and also the ones where Asia, especially China, is catching up. Universities from China get more patents than their U.S. peers in wireless communications, according to a research firm named GreyB Services. In Al, 17 of the top 20 universities and public research organizations are in China, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences topping the list, says the World Intellectual Property Organization in Geneva.
There's a special place for universities in the development of science. Universities educate future scientists and can be incubators(孵化器) for pie-in-the-sky ideas - some of which turn out to be game-changers. The list ranges from Google's search engine to DNA technology that's behind a whole industry of gene-manipulating(基因编辑) treatments.
However, government aids to universities haven't been growing for more than a decade, meaning they've declined in real terms and as a share of the economy, leading to the cost increase for universities and meanwhile somehow discouraging the teaching staff from putting all their hearts into their scientific research.
“If you look at the federal dollars, they've not really changed considerably,” says Stephen Susalka, head of AUTM, a technology transfer association whose members include 800 universities. “Other countries are catching up. We can't be satisfied with what we have achieved?”
1. What does the underlined phrase “look over their shoulders” in Paragraph 1 mean?| A．Watch out. | B．Take off. |
| C．Stand up. | D．Hide away. |
| A．Chinese universities have obtained the most patents |
| B．Chinese universities get aids from the government |
| C．wireless communications have changed dramatically |
| D．U.S. may lose their lead in some high-tech fields |
| A．Pie-in-the-sky ideas can be revolutionary. |
| B．Universities can produce game programmers. |
| C．Gene-manipulation helps to develop DNA technology. |
| D．Universities play an important role in science development. |
| A．Worried. | B．Disapproving. |
| C．Positive. | D．Unconcerned. |
