“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,” says Dan Ariely, behavioural psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Lying is even considered
According to Ariely, lying takes work. In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gains while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine. Some people told the truth instantly. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal(颅腔壁的)control network, which is involved in complex thinking. It suggested that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty, and after thinking about it,
External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we think others are watching. “We
In a 2016 study, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people told a lie, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala, a crucial part of the brain that produces fear and guilt. But when scientists had their subjects
What do We Know About “Mathephobia”
Mathematician Mary de Lellis Gough, who often observed her struggling students fail to work out mathematical problems, coined the term ‘mathephobia’ in 1953. She described it as “a disease that proves fatal before its presence is detected”. Other experts have defined it as “the panic, helplessness and mental disorganization that arises among some people when they are required to solve a mathematical problem” and “a general fear of contact with mathematics”.
Sian Beilock, a cognitive scientist and her colleagues of Barnard College in New York have shown that math anxiety can start as soon as we enter formal schooling. “Math is one of the first places in school in western cultures where we really learn about whether we got something right or wrong, and are exposed to being evaluated in timed tests.”
Girls may be more prone to it than boys. Primary school teachers often have high levels of math anxiety, says Beilock, and in the US and elsewhere, they are mostly female. Since young children tend to identify with adults of the same gender, this means girls are more likely to pick up math anxiety from their female teachers. Having a female teacher with math anxiety makes girls more likely to believe gendered stereotypes about math, leading to poorer achievement.
“Once you have it, it can be self-lasting. Worrying about it can make it worse.” says Beilock, whose study of children between the ages of five and eight suggests math anxiety might weaken performance by burdening working memory. “As our ability to focus limited, our attention gets divided when we do more than one task at a time.” she says. “If you’re worried about having to do math, you may have an internal monologue saying you can’t do this and at the same time you’re trying to calculate numbers.”
When people have math anxiety, they tend to avoid the subject, as researchers from 2019 show. But since math builds on itself, avoiding it makes it harder to catch up. “Math is foundational. If you miss a certain idea, it’s harder to learn the next one.” says Darcy Hallett. “And then you can fall behind, which might make math more of a targeted anxiety compared to other topics.”
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3 . When it comes to black holes, we are caught between a rock and a hard place. In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking showed that all black holes give off thermal radiation(热辐射)and eventually evaporate(蒸发). In doing so, they seemed to be destroying information contained in the matter that fell into them, therefore going against a rule of quantum mechanics(量子力学): information cannot be created or destroyed.
Some argued that the outgoing “Hawking radiation” preserved the information. However, if this were the case, then given certain assumptions, the event horizon(视界)—— the black hole’s boundary of no return—— would become intensely energetic, forming a firewall. But such firewalls go against the theory of general relativity, which says that space-time near the event horizon should be smooth. The black hole firewall paradox was thus born.
Now, Sean Carroll at the California Institute of Technology and his colleagues have shown that the paradox disappears when the evolution of black holes is understood in the context of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
The quantum state of the universe is described by something called the global wave function(全局波函数). According to traditional quantum mechanics, whenever there are many possible outcomes for physical process, this wave function ”collapses“ to represent one outcome. But in the many-worlds Interpretation, the wave function doesn’t collapse-rather, it branches, with one branch for each outcome. The branches evolve independently of each other, as separate worlds.
In this way of thinking, the formation of a black hole and its evaporation due to Hawking radiation lead to multiple branches of the wave function. An observer monitoring a black hole also splits into multiple observers, one in each branch.
The new work shows that from the perspective of an observer in a given branch, space-time behaves as described by general relativity and the black hole has no firewall.
But does that imply loss of information? No, says team member Aidan Chatwin-Davies, also of Caltech. That is because the principle of preservation of information applies to the global wave function and not to its individual branches, he says. Information is preserved across all branches of the global wave function, but not necessarily in any one branch. Given this case, a black hole that doesn’t lose information and yet has a smooth, uneventful event horizon without a fire wall isn’t a contradiction.
Yasunori Nomura at the University of California at Berkeleyy has independently arrived at some similar conclusions in his work. He agrees that the many-worlds approach resolves the paradox around information loss from black holes. “Many worlds should be taken seriously,” he says.
1. Which word in the article is similar in meaning to the underlined word in Paragraph 2?A.Assumption (Paragraph 2) | B.Interpretation (Paragraph 4) |
C.Evaporation (Paragraph 5) | D.Contradiction (Paragraph 7) |
A.There is a firewall. | B.No observer will split. |
C.No information is lost. | D.The wave function collapses. |
A.introduce an independent scientist |
B.support the many-worlds interpretation |
C.question whether many worlds really exist |
D.argue against the information loss from black holes |
A.Rules of quantum mechanics. |
B.A new understanding of the black hole. |
C.Hawking’s interpretation of the black hole. |
D.The development of the global wave function. |
4 . Biology is making it clearer that a man’s health and well-being have a measurable impact on his future children’s health and happiness. This is not because a strong, responsible man has a greater
Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs can lower the
Lately scientists have been obsessed with(着迷于)a means of
In the past decade or so, the study of epigenetics has become so
A.passion | B.likelihood | C.opportunity | D.value |
A.lifestyle | B.genetic | C.habitual | D.parental |
A.long before | B.long after | C.as long as | D.shortly after |
A.quantity | B.quality | C.value | D.size |
A.release | B.produce | C.absorb | D.consume |
A.Moreover | B.On the contrary | C.In other words | D.On the other hand |
A.vital | B.potential | C.distinct | D.biological |
A.inheritance | B.growth | C.development | D.breeding |
A.where | B.why | C.when | D.how |
A.regulating | B.determining | C.defining | D.testing |
A.serious | B.popular | C.significant | D.sensitive |
A.at the most | B.at the least | C.in general | D.to some degree |
A.intelligence | B.culture | C.environment | D.psychology |
A.shocks | B.strikes | C.discourages | D.inspires |
A.experience | B.suffer | C.support | D.comprehend |
Global Cooperation
In the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries of human invention and innovation—global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (专业知识) from different scientific fields.
There are now over 8, 000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Therefore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasn’t done it on his own. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve. Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job there and tried to develop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to ‘open-source’ the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharing ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems.
It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyone’s expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Today’s world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas.
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6 . With advances in electronics and neuroscience, researchers have been able to achieve remarkable things with brain implant devices. In addition to restoring physical senses, scientists are also seeking innovative ways to
For years, scientists have been trying to control and use neutral inputs to give a voice back to people whose neurological damage prevents them from talking. Until now, many of these brain-computer interfaces have
The brain is undamaged in these patients, but the neurons - the pathways that
The researchers started with high-resolution brain activity data collected from five volunteers over several years. These participants - all of whom had normal speech function - were already undergoing a
From there, the UCSF team worked out a two-stage process to recreate the spoken sentences. First, they created a decoder to
Other research has tried to decode words and sounds directly from neural signals,
Using this method, the researchers successfully reverse-engineered words and sentences from brain activity that
A.offer | B.facilitate | C.initiate | D.influence |
A.signs | B.consciousness | C.signals | D.waves |
A.featured | B.neglected | C.rejected | D.missed |
A.expressions | B.muscles | C.languages | D.masks |
A.contribute to | B.communicate with | C.match with | D.lead to |
A.daily | B.delicate | C.repetitive | D.tough |
A.growing | B.producing | C.checking | D.monitoring |
A.track | B.map | C.organize | D.design |
A.copy | B.transform | C.follow | D.interpret |
A.physical | B.virtual | C.individual | D.external |
A.considering | B.creating | C.skipping | D.moving |
A.other than | B.aside from | C.regardless of | D.rather than |
A.roughly | B.barely | C.similarly | D.formally |
A.spell | B.identify | C.parallel | D.invent |
A.version | B.fluency | C.pronunciation | D.accuracy |
A. benefit B. closely C. containing D. deprived E. feasted F. fundamental G. introduction H. original I. purchasing J. supply K. typically |
The Pleasures of the Table
APRIL 9, 2020 was the darkest day in the recent recorded history of the restaurant industry. The
Being
Yet restaurants in their current form are a few hundred years old at most. They do not satisfy some primeval (原始的) urge, but rather those of particular sorts of societies. Economic and social forces have created both the
People have long
These were more like takeaways, though, or stands where food might be thrown in with a drink, than eat-in restaurants. The table d’hôte, which appeared in France around Cole’s time, most
What does the history of the restaurant say about its future? In recent weeks, global restaurant reservations have risen back up close to their pre-pandemic levels. The long-term future of the restaurant is less clear. The pandemic has led to many people
8 . Looking on the Bright Side with Moon Worship
According to Cheshire psychic Claire Stone, a growing number of women are looking to the moon to increase their health, power and wealth. Daily Mail reporter Samantha Brick recently
“There is drumming and chanting,” wrote Ms. Brick, “then
Ms. Stone said that wishing on the moon helped her move into her
Ms. Stone was initially attracted to complementary sources of
They have been a(n)
The report ended with veterinary nurse Victoria Twist, who
A.witnessed | B.covered | C.attended | D.broadcast |
A.discussion | B.silence | C.dance | D.ceremony |
A.convince | B.share | C.visualize | D.pray |
A.imagination | B.intention | C.impression | D.illustration |
A.country | B.holiday | C.family | D.dream |
A.researching | B.studying | C.disturbing | D.healing |
A.call up | B.build up | C.meet up | D.line up |
A.normal | B.pleasant | C.magical | D.attractive |
A.obsessed | B.inspired | C.fascinated | D.affected |
A.astonishing | B.progressive | C.immediate | D.puzzling |
A.appeal | B.attempt | C.call | D.cater |
A.host | B.participate | C.favor | D.attend |
A.winds | B.nights | C.tides | D.temperatures |
A.celebrates | B.claims | C.concerns | D.credits |
A.apart from | B.regardless of | C.thanks to | D.instead of |
9 . Why working from anywhere isn’t realistic
For most white-collar workers, it used to be very simple. Home was the place you left to go to work. The office was almost certainly where you were
The pandemic has thrown these neat
Another set of obstacles is more
The option to work from anywhere will be most attractive to people who have well-paid jobs and fewer
Adding it to the menu of working options for sought-after employees
A.heading | B.resisting | C.worrying | D.navigating |
A.demanded | B.modified | C.defined | D.served |
A.programs | B.means | C.cases | D.categories |
A.solely | B.properly | C.responsibly | D.remotely |
A.However | B.Therefore | C.Instead | D.Besides |
A.isolated | B.unrestricted | C.sophisticated | D.distinguished |
A.principles | B.insights | C.barriers | D.arguments |
A.In other words | B.On the contrary | C.What’s more | D.After all |
A.compensation | B.enforcement | C.pressure | D.sympathy |
A.distinct | B.complicated | C.personal | D.unnoticeable |
A.realize | B.evade | C.vanish | D.make |
A.visions | B.descendants | C.perspectives | D.obligations |
A.jealousy | B.cooperation | C.fraud | D.interaction |
A.takes time | B.steals thunder | C.makes sense | D.works wonders |
A.review | B.blueprint | C.source | D.sacrifice |
10 . The closer one studies the gig economy (灰色经济), the less fun it sounds. Those who make their living this way, generally
Bodies such as the International Labor Organization characterize this kind of employment as mostly low paid and
Attention is turning to the health and wellbeing of this fast-growing workforce, which
Those studies, conducted over three decades by Sir Michael Marmot, demonstrated the
The
One study on the Italian workforce, published last year in Social Science and Medicine, suggests that those on
Gig work is often conducted privately, in cars and homes, from bicycles and motorbikes, instead of from a
A.reflecting on | B.working for | C.getting along | D.serving with |
A.are regarded as | B.are defined as | C.are related to | D.are involved in |
A.insane | B.innocent | C.insecure | D.inventive |
A.legal | B.progressive | C.ambitious | D.miserable |
A.counts | B.numbers | C.predicts | D.forecasts |
A.problems | B.workers | C.studies | D.needs |
A.thread | B.clue | C.role | D.link |
A.situation | B.rates | C.case | D.position |
A.display | B.sense | C.awareness | D.expression |
A.mate | B.boss | C.worker | D.supervisor |
A.permanent | B.momentary | C.casual | D.temporary |
A.flu | B.diabetes | C.stroke | D.depression |
A.As | B.Because | C.Therefore | D.While |
A.initiative | B.drive | C.inspiration | D.ambition |
A.tricky | B.enjoyable | C.shared | D.lovable |