1 . Most of us learn how to ride ai bike during childhood. As we grow older, we put those once beloved bikes in storerooms. Years later, when we discover these relics and jump on, it’s as if we never stopped biking.

This is surprising because our memories let us down in so many other situations. For example, we always fail to remember the name of a person we once knew or where we put our keys. So why can we ride a bicycle when we haven’t done so in years?

As it turns out, humans have different kinds of memories. Our long-term memory is divided into two types: declarative memory (陈述性记忆) and procedural memory.

There are two types of declarative memory. The first type is our memory of an event that happened. It can be the day we started school or a pleasant outing. Factual knowledge, on the other hand, such as the capital of France, belongs to the second type. These two types have one thing in common-you are aware of the knowledge and can communicate the memories to others.

Skills such as playing an instrument or riding a bicycle are, however, fixed in a separate system, called procedural memory. As its name shows, this type of memory is responsible for performance.

So is procedural knowledge more enduring than declarative knowledge? Yes, studies show the former is less likely to be lost. Even with serious brain injury, the procedural memory system is hardly ever damaged. That’s because structures responsible for processing it are relatively protected in the brain’s center.

However, it’s not clear, beyond brain damage, why procedural memory contents are not as easily forgotten as declarative ones are. According to one idea, in the regions where movement patterns are made, fewer new nerve cells (神经细胞) may be formed in adults. Without big changes. It’s less likely for memories in these regions to get erased.

So, one thing we know for sure is simple patterns of movements we get, even far in the past, are typically kept for a lifetime. Or as the saying goes, it’s “just like riding a bicycle”

1. Which of the following are declarative knowledge?
①A poem. ② Swimming. ③ A meeting. ④Running.

A．①②	B．②④
C．①③	D．②③

2. What does “enduring” underlined in Para. 6 mean?

A．Continuing for a very long time.

B．Having a very great influence.

C．Helping people in some way.

D．Being difficult to keep.

3. Why are movement patterns less likely to disappear according to Para. 7?

A．They are kept in a region without great changes.

B．They are kept in a region that can’t be damaged.

C．They are easier than other knowledge.

D．They are practiced more often.

4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Skills of an outstanding rider

B．Different types of human memory

C．Why don’t we forget how to ride a bike?

D．How can we make memories last longer?

4 . 某报社就人们为什么喜欢网上购物，网上购物有哪些优点和缺点发起了讨论。假设你叫John，是一名高中生，请给报社写信参与这一讨论。所写信中要求包含以下要点，字数100左右。
1.人们忙于工作，没有足够的时间购物。所以网上购物成为他们生活的一部分。
2.网上购物可以买到便宜的东西。
3.但网上购物也有问题。比如有时网上所买商品和实际相差很大。有的商品有质量问题。甚至有时可能被骗。因此网上购物需小心谨慎。
Dear Editor,
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5 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

Penicillin (青霉素) is widely considered    1    (be) one of the most important medical discoveries in history, but it was not what Alexander Fleming was looking for when he found it    2    September 1928.

Fleming,    3    scientist from Scotland, returned to his laboratory after a holiday and found some mould (霉菌) on one of his    4     (plate) of bacteria (细菌). He observed that the bacteria    5     (surround) the mould were dead. Surprised by this, Fleming performed some tests. The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria. He was     6     (whole) aware that it could be very     7     (use) for treating wounds.

For more than 10 years, Fleming had been researching penicillin and trying to make     8     into an effective medicine. Finally, his work caught the attention of some other scientists     9    were able to do it. Since its mass production began in the1940s, penicillin     10     (save) millions of lives.

7 . Take a look at that tree in the local park. What might it be feeling? Could it be thinking? Experiments are exploring the idea of plant cognition, even going so far as to suggest they possess some form of consciousness.

As wild as it sounds, it isn’t a new idea. The field of “plant neurobiology (神经生物学)” began in 2006, aimed at understanding how plants process information from their environment.

It is now clear that plants are capable of complex communication and can sense their surroundings, which were originally dismissed. But advocates of plant consciousness take things further and draw parallels between the electrical signaling that can be found from root to stem and that present in the nervous system of animals. They claim to show that plants are capable of intentionally choosing to perform certain behaviors, of learning and perhaps even having personalities. If plants are experiencing a conscious inner world, they argue, it becomes vital that we find ways to test and understand it.

Extending the concept of cognition to plants would mean a significant shift in our view of the uniqueness of humanity, not to mention how we treat our botanical friends, so the bar of acceptance is high. Researchers rising to the challenge are hoping to explore plants with tools usually reserved for the human brain.

The research can appear persuasive, but it is in its early stage and suffers from repeated failure. Critics say the field is a high guess and that the behaviour can be explained through inborn response.

Whether we decide that plants have cognition may come down to our ability to describe consciousness itself-something we are far from doing. But rather than dismiss the idea, we should welcome the chance to think up new ways to test our understanding of consciousness. It might just improve our grasp of the human mind. At the very least, our trees and plants should benefit from the extra attention—consciously or not.

1. What do supporters of plant consciousness believe?

A．Plants can only perform native reaction.

B．Plants can perceive their surroundings and adapt to them.

C．Plants possess the same level of consciousness as humans.

D．Plants can communicate complicatedly and choose actions deliberately.

2. What is the main challenge in accepting the idea of plant consciousness?

A．The need to develop tools to test plant cognition.

B．The dramatic change in our view of the distinctiveness of humanity.

C．The lack of evidence in the field of plant neurobiology.

D．The inability to describe consciousness itself.

3. What does the underlined word “dismissed” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．disliked	B．discussed
C．rejected	D．confirmed

4. What is the potential benefit of studying plant consciousness?

A．Enhancing our understanding of the human brain.

B．Developing new ways to test plant behaviors.

C．Promoting our relationship with plants.

D．Proving the existence of plant cognition.

8 . When special occasions such as birthdays or other big holiday events come around, parents often look for that special toy for their children. But there is a growing understanding that gifts of time and bonding, such as vacations and other experiences, make better and more lasting gifts for children.

Experts agree that gifting children with memorable trips and fun experiences is better for their body and mind, and has corresponding positive impacts on the rest of the family!

In a 2017 study that surveyed about 500 women between 18 and 93 years old, Dr. Oravecz, a human development and family studies professor at Pennsylvania State University, asked, “Most people feel loved when...” The study showed that the most popular answers had nothing to do with any material item. Dr. Oravecz said, “Our research found that micro-moments of positivity, like a kind word, a hug with a child or a sympathetic expression, make people feel most loved.”

Clinical psychologist Oliver James agrees. He stated that as opposed to toys, details from a trip are more likely to “stick with them for long after the vacation ends.” When families interact in a stress-free environment, this creates warm, generous feelings towards one another, which are likely to be remembered with fondness. Vacations create strong emotional responses that don’t often come with material possessions.

In addition, British child psychologist Dr. Margot Sunderland believes that vacations make children smarter. “What is less widely known is that vacations can also advance brain development in children. This is because on a family vacation, you are exercising two genetically ingrained systems deep in the brain’s limbic (边缘的) area, which can all too easily be ‘unexercised’ in the home.” Citing the work of neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp, Dr. Sunderland said, “These are the PLAY system and the SEEKING system.” “The brain’s PLAY system is exercised every time you bury your child’s feet in the sand or take them for a ride on your back. The SEEKING system is exercised each time you go exploring together: the beach, a cave, a hidden village...” She continued, “So when you take your child on a vacation, you are supporting their explorative urge (SEEKING system)—a vital resource for living life well, and their capacity to play (PLAY system). In adulthood, this translates into the ability to play with ideas—essential, for example, to the successful entrepreneur(企业家).”

In a busy household, perhaps the fun of having the latest toy may not last, but the space it occupies in the house could be there and gather dust. So for the next round of gift-giving with the children, consider an experiential gift instead. The return is definitely priceless.

1. From Dr. Oravecz’s study, we know that ________.

A．hearing kind words can make a person feel most loved

B．a special toy for a birthday is more lasting for children

C．women at the age of 18 and 93 years old feel more loved

D．the feeling of being loved is closely related to material gifts

2. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．The capacity to play can translate into the ability to seek.

B．The SEEKING system can develop when adventuring in the wild.

C．PLAY and SEEKING systems are more easily exercised at home.

D．Burying your child’s feet in the sand is exercising the SEEKING system.

3. According to the passage, the author may agree that ________.

A．material gifts are better for a child’s body and mind

B．children spending vacations with their parents are more generous

C．trips with family can form better emotional interactions than material gifts

D．vacations with employees are a waste of time for a successful entrepreneur

4. What would be the best title for the text?

A．Vacations Make Children Smarter

B．Vacations Make Better Gifts

C．Trips are priceless

D．Memorable Trips and Fun Experiences

9 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

I am taught by many teachers in my school. Every subject has a     1    (differ) teacher, but I like my math teacher     2    (well). Her name is Lakshmi but we usually call her Ma’am. She is our class teacher too.

Ma’am     3    (join) us last term. She is very kind and her way of teaching is so interesting and simple that we all can understand what is being taught and how it could be done. Most     4    (important), Ma’am teaches math with lots of     5    (patient).     6     we do not understand a problem, she will spend extra time     7    (guide) us until we understand it. And we can go to her at any time during school hours for help.

She also helps us     8     activities at school. When there is some kind of programs, she will be there     9    (help) us to get ready for the show. Even when we go on picnics, she takes good care of     10    .

To me, Ma’am is not only a good teacher, but also our best friend. I love Ma’am and I wish her a happy life.