1 . Although we lack accurate statistics about child mortality in the pre-industrial period, we do have evidence that in the 1660s, the mortality rate for children who died within 14 days of birth was as much as 30 percent. Nearly all families _______ some premature death. Moreover, to protect themselves from the emotional consequences of children’s death, parents avoided making any emotional _______ to an infant.

The 18th century witnessed the _______ from an agrarian (土地的) economy to an industrial one, one of the vital social changes taking place in the Western world. An increasing number of people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities where life was quite different. Social supports which had _______ existed in smaller communities were replaced by problems such as poverty, crime, substandard housing and disease. Due to the need for additional income to support the family, young children from the poorest families were _______ into early employment and thus their childhood became painfully short. Children as young as 7 might be required to work full-time, _______ to unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to prostitution.

The lives of children _______ a drastic change during the 1800s in the United States. Previously, children from both rural and urban families were expected to participate in everyday labour due to the bulk of manual hard working. _______ , thanks to the technological advances of the mid-1800s, _______ the rise of the middle class and redefinition of roles of family members, work and home became less synonymous over time. People began to purchase toys and books for their children. When the country depended more upon ________ , children in rural and urban areas, were less likely to be required to work at home. Beginning from the Industrial Revolution and rising slowly over the course of the 19th century, this ________ increased dramatically after the Civil War. John Locke was one of the most ________ writers of his period. He created the first clear and ________ statement of the “environmental position” that family education ________ a child’s life, and via this, he became the father of modern learning theory. During the colonial period, his teachings about childcare gained a lot of ________ in America.

1.

A．suffered

B．deserved

C．endured

D．defeated

2.

A．judgement

B．reaction

C．commitment

D．expression

3.

A．interpretation

B．transformation

C．journey

D．migration

4.

A．previously

B．naturally

C．dramatically

D．accidentally

5.

A．allowed

B．introduced

C．organised

D．forced

6.

A．committed

B．addicted

C．subjected

D．entitled

7.

A．anticipated

B．caused

C．indicated

D．underwent

8.

A．Nevertheless

B．Moreover

C．Instead

D．Therefore

9.

A．compared with

B．based on

C．coupled with

D．regardless of

10.

A．agriculture

B．machines

C．weather

D．livestock

11.

A．industrialism

B．trend

C．popularity

D．development

12.

A．experienced

B．gifted

C．imaginative

D．influential

13.

A．remarkable

B．authoritative

C．comprehensive

D．alarming

14.

A．enriches

B．rebuilds

C．prolongs

D．determines

15.

A．recognition

B．experience

C．admission

D．benefits

2 . History of Women’s Football in Britain

Women’s football in Britain has deeper roots than might be expected. In one town in the 18th century Scotland, single women played an annual match against their married counterparts, though the motives behind the contest were not purely sporting. Some accounts say that the games were watched by a crowd of single men, who hoped to pick out a potential bride based on her footballing ability.

By the late 19th century, with the men’s game spreading across Britain like wildfire, women also began to take up association football. Early pioneers included Nettie J. Honeyball, who founded the British Ladies’ Football Club(BLFC)in 1895. Honeyball, like many of the middle-and upper-class women who played in the late 19th century, she was not keen to publicise her involvement with a contact sport played on muddy fields. We know more about Lady Florence Dixie, who was appointed president of the BLFC in 1895 and who was an ardent believer in equality between the sexes.

The BLFC arranged games between teams representing the north and the south of England, where money would be raised for those in need. These initially attracted healthy numbers of supporters although early newspaper reports were not particularly generous, with one reporter suggesting “when the novelty has worn off, I do not think women’s football will attract the crowds”. And crowds did drop off as the growing popularity of the men’s game came to dominate public interest. In a country where women were not yet allowed to vote, it would take extraordinary circumstances for their efforts on the football pitch to attract widespread attention.

Those circumstances arose in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. With many men leaving their jobs to join the army, women started to work in factories and just as men had done before them, they began to play informal games of football during their lunch breaks. After some initial uncertainty, their superiors came to see these games as a means to boost morale and thus increase productivity. Teams soon formed and friendly matches were arranged. What’s more, in the town of Preston in the north of England, the female workers at a manufacturing company showed a particular aptitude for the game. Watching from a window above the yard where they played, office worker Alfred Frankland spotted their talent and he set about forming a team.

1. The writer says that in the 18th century Scotland__________.

A．only unmarried women were allowed to play football

B．women’s football was more common than men’s football

C．skill at football might be considered when choosing a wife

D．women were sometimes forbidden to watch football matches

2. Nettie J. Honeyball was unwilling to__________.

A．take an active part in team sports

B．mix with people she considered lower class

C．let the public know her involvement in football

D．take a leadership role in the British Ladies’ Football Club

3. Which of the following statements was true about the events happened in Britain, between 1895 and 1914?

A．Society was not yet ready for women’s football.

B．There were false reports of the decline of women’s football.

C．The media felt that women’s football should not be allowed.

D．Women’s football mainly attracted people because it was unusual.

4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．Factories were initially unwilling to employ women.

B．Factory employees were allowed to have extra time to play football.

C．Factory managers usually played in matches against female employees.

D．Factory employers decided that women’s football might have positive effects.

4 . In 1999, journalist Nicholas D. Kristof reported a surprising encounter on a tiny African island. Here, Kristof met a number of elderly men who told him that they were descendants of Chinese sailors many centuries ago. Their ancestors had traded with local Africans, who had given them giraffes to take back to China.     1    

Six centuries ago, a large number of Chinese ships crossed the sea, then travelled west to East Africa.     2     These seven great expeditions brought a vast web of trading links under Chinese government control.

    3     Most of the trading involved spices (香料), wood, and medicines. Zheng He brought them back to the capital. Although these goods were mainly presented to the emperor for his consumption and disposal, foreign ambassadors who came to China were permitted to trade with locals in the capital for handsome profits, which also allowed ordinary Chinese to benefit from international trade.

    4     In the regions they visited, Zheng He and his fleet (船队) remained a long-lasting theme in popular Southeast Asia folk tales. Two surviving records of the expeditions provide detailed accounts of unique Chinese navigation technologies of the time, leaving Chinese rich maritime legacy (遗产) to later generations.

However, the Chinese expedition never sought to establish colonial rule over these oceans by military force.     5     China’s maritime dominance disappeared suddenly in the 1430s because of domestic changes, and the overseas expeditions were eventually ended by the court. All this happened only decades prior to the occurrence of the great age of European discovery and exploration.

A．Seven times, the treasure fleets set off for the unknown.

B．Zheng He’s great voyage started at the port of Nanjing.

C．Aside from the economic impact, there was more cultural print.

D．The actual economic impact of the expedition was difficult to evaluate.

E．Zheng He traded China’s products for foreign luxuries and daily products.

F．It was intended to facilitate international and trade relationships with others.

G．If it’s true, this remote village is evidence of an astonishing episode of maritime exploration in China.

5 . 语法填空

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes     1    (connect) China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe.     2    (establish) when the Han Dynasty in China     3    (official) opened trade with the West in 130 BCE, the Silk Road routes remained     4     use until 1453 CE, when the Ottoman Empire boycotted (抵制) trade with China and closed them. Although it’s been nearly 600 years since the Silk Road     5    (use) for international trade, the routes had a lasting impact on commerce, culture and history that resonates even today.

The Silk Road may have formally opened up trade between the Far East     6     Europe during the Han Dynasty,     7     ruled China from 206 BCE to 220 CE. Han Emperor Wu sent imperial ambassador Zhang Qian     8    (make) contact with cultures in Central Asia in 138 BCE, and his reports from his journeys conveyed valuable     9    (inform) about the people and lands that lay to the West. But the transport of goods and services along these routes     10    (date) back even further.

6 . 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In the spring of 1944, the Allied powers in World War Ⅱ took the fight against Nazi into the fifth year.     1    (plan) for months or even years, the D-Day called “Operation Overlord” was designed     2    (free) north-west Europe from German occupation. After waiting for the perfect combination of weather, moon and tides, the date for the start of Operation Overlord     3    (set) for June 6, 1944.

With General Eisenhower’s encouraging words     4    (ring) in their ears, Allied soldiers prepared for     5     would become known as D-Day. The Allied invasion     6    (stretch) across five beaches code-named “Utah”, “Omaha”, “Gold”, “Juno” and “Sword”. The fiercest fighting was at Omaha Beach. Countless Allied soldiers gave their lives on D-Day in violent attacks. Even though they were     7     the terrible cost of human life, the D-Day landings were     8     success and were considered     9    (wide) as the beginning of the end of World War Ⅱ. By the end of August 1944, the Allies had reached the River Seine. Paris was liberated.

Seventy years later, people including     10    (survive) came together for memorial ceremonies in honour of those who fought and died on D-Day.

7 . 听下面一段独白, 回答小题。
1. When was the building opened?

A．In 1869.

B．In 1859.

C．In 1865.

2. What was special about this building?

A．It was one of the first of its kind in the world.

B．It quickly controlled cholera outbreaks.

C．It was a house of worship.

3. What was the function of this building?

A．It produced ironwork for decoration.

B．It dealt with London’s waste water.

C．It presented engines of different eras.

4. What does the building serve as now?

A．A research center.

B．A museum.

C．A church.

8 . “In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue” is how the children’s nursery rhyme begins. However, more than 90 years before the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria, a huge fleet of ships set sail from Nanjing. It was the first of a series of voyages that would, for a brief period, establish China as the leading power of the age. The voyage was led by Zheng He. In fact, some people think he was the original model for the legendary Sinbad the Sailor.

In 1371, Zheng He was born in what is now Yunnan Province to Muslim parents, who named him Ma Sanbao. When he was 11 years old, he was castrated and made to serve as a eunuch (宦官) in the imperial household. Ma befriended a prince who later became the Yong Le Emperor, one of the Ming Dynasty’s most distinguished. Brave, strong, intelligent and totally loyal, Ma won the trust of the prince who gave him a new name. Yong Le was an ambitious emperor who believed that China’s greatness would be increased with an “open­door” policy regarding international trade and diplomacy. In 1405, he ordered Chinese ships to sail to the Indian Ocean, and put Zheng He in charge of the voyage. Zheng went on to lead seven expeditions in 28 years, visiting more than 40 countries.

Zheng’s fleet had more than 300 ships and 30,000 sailors. The largest vessels, 133­meter­long “treasure ships”, had up to nine masts and could carry a thousand people. Along with a Han and Muslim crew, Zheng opened up trade routes in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. The voyages helped expand foreign interest in Chinese goods such as silk and china. In addition, Zheng He brought foreign items back to China, including the first giraffe ever seen there. At the same time, the fleet’s obvious strength meant that the Emperor of China commanded respect and inspired fear all over Asia.

Though Zheng He died in 1433 and was probably buried at sea, a grave and small monument to him still exist in Jiangsu Province. Three years after Zheng He’s death, a new emperor banned the construction of oceangoing ships, and China’s brief era of naval expansion was over. Chinese policy turned inward, leaving the seas clear for the rising nations of Europe. Opinions vary on why this happened. Whatever the reason, conservative (保守的) forces gained the upper hand, and China’s potential for world domination was not realized. Records of Zheng He’s incredible voyages were burned. Not until the early 20th century did another fleet of comparable size take to the seas.

1. Why did Zheng He sail to the ocean?

A．Zheng He befriended the Yong Le Emperor and won his trust.

B．The emperor tried to increase China’s greatness by an “open­door” policy.

C．The voyages helped expand foreign interest in Chinese goods.

D．Zheng He wanted to promote culture and religious visits with foreign countries.

2. What’s the significance of Zheng He’s seven voyages?

A．They established China as the leading power from then on.

B．They spread diplomacy, established trade routes and returned with riches and foreign items never seen before in China.

C．They provided pathways for religious communication between Han and Muslim crew.

D．They speeded up the process of imperial reform of Ming Dynasty.

3. After the death of Zheng He, why did Ming Dynasty stop oceangoing voyage?

A．Because the successive emperor banned the construction of oceangoing ships.

B．Because the people of Ming Dynasty feared doing business with other rising nations of Europe.

C．Because the imperial policy turned inward.

D．No reason had been assigned in this passage.

10 . French explorer Jacques Cartier is known mainly for exploring the St. Lawrence River and giving Canada its name.

Like many other European explorers, Jacques Cartier went to North America looking for gold and perhaps a shortcut to Asia.     1     It became France’s main route into Canada.

Jacques Cartier was born on December 31, 1491 in Brittany, a province of France. In about 1534, the king of France asked him to lead an expedition(远征) to the New World in search of riches and a new route to Asia.

    2     There he and his crew explored the land around the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and met Native Americans. When he sailed back to France, he took with him two Native Americans.

    3     This time, Cartier sailed deeper into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and into the Saint Lawrence River. The two Native Americans he had taken before had learned French, and they served as guides. About 260 miles inland, Cartier reached the Native American village of Stadacona. Today, the city of Quebec stands near that place.

Cartier and his men were among the first Europeans to winter in what is now Canada.     4     After returning to France he reported tales told by the native people of treasures farther inland.

Cartier once again crossed the Atlantic in 1541.     5     When he returned to France in 1542, he was told that they were just the common minerals pyrite(黄铁矿) (fool’s gold) and quartz(石英).

A．A second voyage came in May 1535.

B．Instead he found the Saint Lawrence River.

C．The bitter cold surprised them, and some of the men died.

D．He made three voyages of exploration in dangerous waters.

E．Cartier was considered one of the most devoted explorers of the period.

F．He explored further and found what he thought were gold and diamonds.

G．In the spring of 1534 Cartier sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to what is now Canada.