Exceptional beauty, extraordinary grace and e
The Battle of El Alamein,
2 . I'm Victor Bobra from Belarus. When I was three years old, a nuclear explosion (核爆炸) blew up in Chernobyl, Ukraine. At the time, I was living on the border with Ukraine.When the explosion happened, my dad, was looking after the trucks at the station. When he heard about the disaster, he took us to Brest on the truck. After that, my family moved to Minsk.
Many years have passed since the explosion. Different places were affected differently. If you live in an area like Minsk, it's not as polluted as other areas. Kids there were born normally. Maybe they were underweight or something, but this was because of the problems of the economic situation. If kids were born around the Brest area, they were, born almost perfectly, because it's the cleanest area in Belarus. But if kids were born around the area to the east of Belarus,most of the kids were born deformed (畸形的).
I don't know much about how it has affected my health. But what happened was that everybody had a medical check-up after the disaster. The doctors found that I had got some protein inside me: So they thought there was something wrong with me, and suggested I should be treated.
My mum set up 'a charity, Chernobyl Children Lifeline, which raised some money for me. I've stayed here for treatment since then. The reason I can't go to Belarus is because of the radiation (辐射). If I go back, I might get radiation and get ill. Certainly there isn't any medical care, because the country is very poor. At the moment I can't even see my parents for a holiday. My parents probably miss me. I think the fault (过失) that Chernobyl blew up is the government's.
1. What can we learn from the second paragraph?A.People in Minsk were rich before the disaster. |
B.Victor Bobra lived in the cleanest area in Belarus. |
C.The east of Belarus was seriously affected by the disaster. |
D.Kids born in Minsk were underweight because of the disaster. |
A.provide home for the homeless |
B.collect money for his treatment |
C.raise money for deformed kids |
D.help those suffering from radiation |
A.The author's father didn't survive the disaster. |
B.The author lived in Minsk when the disaster happened. |
C.The author was given good treatment with the help of the government. |
D.The author thought the government should take responsibility for the disaster. |
A.everybody had a medical examination after the nuclear explosion |
B.the doctors did not think it necessary to have the author treated |
C.the author's country can afford to provide medical care |
D.the author is living with his parents now |
A.To prove the great force of the nuclear explosion. |
B.To tell readers the nuclear explosion in Chernobyl. |
C.To show the bad effects of the nuclear explosion. |
D.To find out the truth of the nuclear explosion. |
The Notre Dame (巴黎圣母院) Fire
It feels as though the very heart of France and the soul of Europe have been broken. The fire of Notre Dame in Paris
The fire struck
The Notre Dame is the symbol of the French capital and of France itself. It is world famous not simply as a Parisian building but through the
We believe the Dame will rise again in time. This terrible fire is not an event that should
Sugar cane cultivation(甘蔗种植) originated in southwest Asia, where Marco Polo reported in his
In the fourteenth century, the island of Cyprus was the location of major sugar farms,
Brown sugar
5 . “They tell me that you’d like to make a statue of me — is that correct, Miss Vinnie Ream?”
The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. Asking a favor of the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl.
“Yes, sir,” she replied, her dark eyes meeting his. “I wouldn’t have dared to ask you, but my teacher, Mr. Mills, says I am ready. I plan to make it in an admirable manner.”
President Lincoln smiled.“Painters, sculptors — they’ve all tried to make the best of this ordinary face, but I’m afraid there’s not much hope. What did you have in mind, Miss Ream? A bust (半身像)?”
Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on, a shade of apology in his voice. “Of course — I shouldn’t have asked. A full-length pose would be much too big a project for a young woman your size.”
Vinnie’s face turned red. She realized she looked like a child, with her tiny figure. “Small does not mean weak, sir,” she defended herself. “I was born in the country of Wisconsin. I’ve driven teams of horses and carried water. Making a full-length clay (黏土) figure would not exhaust my strength — and that is what I intend to do!”
The President’s eyes, brightened at her show of spirit. “Sorry, madam, I have underestimated you as I didn’t know your background.”
But his smile faded as he rubbed his beard with bony fingers, in thought. “Miss Ream,” he sighed, “I’d like to let you do it, but as you know, we are in the middle of a war. How could I possibly take the time to pose for a sculpture now? I hardly have a minute to myself.”
Vinnie glanced around and noted the size of his office. “I work quickly,” she said. Her voice was soft but confident as she pointed to the corner near the windows. “If I were to bring my clay here and work for three hours every afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your desk.”
The President seemed to consider her idea seriously. He got up and shook Vinnie’s hand warmly, “I’ve heard that you are a talented young woman, and I have found you charming and intelligent as well. I cannot make my decision immediately, but you will hear from me soon.”
The very next day, Vinnie received an invitation from the President.
1. How did President Lincoln first respond to Vinnie’s request?A.Doubtful. | B.Thrilled. |
C.Regretful. | D.Pleased. |
A.her experience from other projects |
B.the heavy labor she had done before |
C.her innocent childhood in the country |
D.the skill she picked up in Wisconsin |
A.avoid disturbing the president’s work |
B.keep all her tools within easy reach |
C.observe the President at a right angle |
D.achieve effects of natural lighting |
A.Ups and downs make one strong. |
B.Experience helps to promote excellence. |
C.A strong-willed soul can reach his goal. |
D.Devotion requires enthusiasm. |
1. In most ways, the English city of Liverpool is no different from other large cities. It is full of people, restaurants, museums, and shops. However, Liverpool stands out in one interesting way. Under the busy streets, there are miles of old tunnels. For many years, the tunnels were nearly forgotten. There was no evidence that the tunnels were real. In 2001, a small group of curious people were delighted to discover that the old tales were true. A huge network of tunnels snaked under the city.
2. We now know that the tunnels were built sometime in the early 1800s. A man named Joseph Williamson designed them. But there is a lot we still don't know. Why did Williamson want the tunnels? Were they ever used? If so, for what? We can only guess.
3. One idea is that Williamson, who was rich, was trying to help others. Many people were jobless at that time, and Williamson was known to be kind. Perhaps he came up with the tunnel project so that he could offer people jobs. Another guess is that Williamson used the tunnels for secret business. The tunnels would have made it possible for him to go places without being seen.
4. Still others suspect that Williamson built the tunnels for safety reasons. Perhaps he was afraid that some type of dangerous event would happen. The tunnels would have offered protection for himself and his loved ones.
5. Some people who study the tunnels have yet another idea. They believed that long ago, people removed sandstone from the land. The sandstone removal would have left huge holes. Williamson may have wanted to fix the holes. Instead of filling them, perhaps he had his workers build archways (拱道) across them. In time, houses and other constructions were built over the archways.
1. What makes the city of Liverpool stand out?2. List three guesses at why Williamson built the tunnels.
3. According to the opening sentence, complete paragraph 6. (At most 40 words)
(para.6)The ideas are interesting, but no one knows the truth.
7 . Mention the terms Italian culture and Renaissance art and one is immediately reminded of the mysterious smile of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.
The Renaissance had a deep effect on the development of European culture. Having its beginnings in Italy, by the 16th century, it had spread to the rest of Europe. Its influence was felt in different fields such as philosophy, literature, religion, science, politics, and, of course, art. The scholars of the Renaissance period applied the humanistic method to every field of study, and wanted to have human emotion and realism in art.
Renaissance scholars studied the ancient Latin and Greek texts, searching the libraries of Europe for works of ancient times that had become obscure, in their hunt for reforming and perfecting their worldly knowledge. However, that does not mean that they refused religion. In fact, many of the greatest works of the Renaissance period were devoted to it, with the church supporting a lot of the works of Renaissance art. However, there were slight changes in the manner in which the scholars began to treat religion, which affected the cultural life of society, which in turn influenced the artists of that period and therefore was reflected in their art.
In Raphael’s The School of Athens, for example, some well-known people were described as classical scholars with Leonardo da Vinci given as much importance as Plato in his time. Giotto di Bondone, 1266-1337, a Florentine, who is regarded as the greatest Italian painter just earlier than the Renaissance period, is thought to be the first artist who treated a painting as a window into space.
However, it was only after the writings of Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446, who is considered the first great builder of the Italian Renaissance, that perspective (透视法) was formally accepted as an artistic technique.
1. What makes Italy stand out in a way in world history?A.Its artists during the Renaissance were numerous. | B.It was the center of the European countries. |
C.It had many famous inventors in different fields. | D.It was home to the Renaissance. |
A.meaningless and hard to recognize | B.clear and meaningful to guiding people |
C.unclear and difficult to understand or see | D.easy to understand but having little meaning |
A.After the completion of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. |
B.After Leonardo da Vinci’s being compared to Plato. |
C.After Giotto di Bondone’s paintings were respected. |
D.After Filippo Brunelleschi’s completing his writings. |
A.Italy’s Renaissance art and artists | B.the famous artists in Italy’s history |
C.Italy’s influence on the world in culture | D.the hardships during the Renaissance in Italy |
8 . There were many battles that took place during the American Revolutionary War (1775—1783), but perhaps so ne of the worst battles involved. the American Continental Army versus(对抗) the winter at Valley Forge in 1777 and 1778. Here many people believe was where the American Army was born. Valley Forge is located about 25 miles northwest of Philadelphia in the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania.
General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and he decided to setup winter camp at Valley Forge. It was close to Philadelphia, which was where the British had been camping out for the winter. This allowed him to keep a watchful eye on their movements. There were high areas in Mount Joy and Mount Misery where the army could make fortifications(防御工事). Nearby was also the Schuylkill River, which was used as a barrier to the North.
The army's stay at Valley Forge turned into a time of training. Besides Washington, two other leaders included General Friedrich von Steuben and General Marquis de Lafayette.
Steuben was born in Prussia and arrived at Valley Forge with a recommendation letter from statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin. He trained the Continental Army using the daily drill(操练), even in the extremely cold weather. In fact, he was responsible for writing the army's Revolutionary War Drill Manual, which served as the standard United States drill manual(手册) until the War of 1812.
Lafayette was a French military leader, working for no pay, and asking for no special treatment. He later became an important commander in several key battles during the war.
Besides the freezing weather, it was consistently cold, wet, and snowy at Valley Forge. In addition, food was lacking, and there were very few warm clothes, shoes, or blankets. The log cabins they lived in were crowded, cold and damp, and allowed diseases to easily spread. Of the 10,000 men at Valley Forge, 2,500 died before the break of spring mostly from diseases.
Following the winter at Valley Forge, under Washington's leadership, a better-disciplined, trained, and more powerful army, in high spirits, left on June 19, 1778. Nine days later, their first victory against the British occurred at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey.
1. Why was Valley Forge chosen as the site of a winter camp?A.It was key to the effective conduct of war. | B.It was an ideal place for military training. |
C.It was very far from the British camp. | D.It was an area with adequate supplies. |
A.Benjamin Franklin. | B.George Washington. |
C.Marquis de Lafayette. | D.Friedrich von Steuben. |
A.Strange. | B.Tough. | C.Favorable. | D.Relaxing. |
A.It was taken over by the American Army. | B.It won more support from the people. |
C.It had many more soldiers. | D.It became a stronger army. |
It was Sunday, December 7, 1941. It looked like it was going to be a normal day
The surprise attack came as
10 . In 1944, 730 representatives from 44 allied (同盟) nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War Ⅱ was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system.
To make sure that all nations would be successful, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF promotes international trade by guaranteeing the stability of the international currency and financial system.
The Bretton Woods system also set up the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with IMF, the two institutes remain distinct. While the IMF keeps an orderly system of payments and receipts between nations, the World Bank is mainly a development institution. The World Bank initially gave loans to European countries ruined by World War Ⅱ, and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. Its goal is to “bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.”
These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major. However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States and it placed the U.S. dollar as the global currency. A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions (交易) of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and yen (Japan).
The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S. dollar. More importantly, the conference deeply shaped foreign trade for decades to come.
1. For what purpose was the Bretton Woods Conference held?A.To shape our modern world. | B.To set up IMF and the World Bank. |
C.To help allied nations to pay for their war costs. | D.To guarantee the success of all allied nations. |
A.Their accomplishments. | B.Their functions. |
C.Their founders. | D.Their influence. |
A.The foundation of IMF and the World Bank. | B.The international currency and financial system. |
C.Currency cooperation and financial stability. | D.Developing countries and the entire word. |
A.Bretton Woods increased U.S. economic influence around the world |
B.the IMF and the World Bank work closely together to guarantee success |
C.the conclusion of World War Ⅱ had little influence on events at Bretton Woods |
D.the conference organizers recognized the need for markets to function in-dependently |