1 . For Kurt Gray, a social psychologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, conducting experiments comes with certain problems. Before starting any study, his lab must get ethical(伦理的)approval from an institutional review board, which can take weeks or months. Then his team has to hire online participants—easier than bringing people into the lab, but Gray says the online subjects are often lazy. Then the researchers spend hours cleaning the data. But earlier this year, Gray accidentally saw an alternative way to do things.
He was working with computer scientists at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence to see whether they could develop an AI system that made moral judgments like humans. But first they figured they’d see if a system from the startup Open AI could already do the job. The team asked GPT-3. 5, which produces human-like text, to judge the ethics of 464 scenarios(情境), previously evaluated by human subjects. It turned out that the system’s answers were nearly the same as human responses.
“This is crazy,” Gray says. “If you can just ask GPT to make these judgments, why don’t you just ask GPT instead of asking people?” The results were published this month in Trends in Cognitive Science.
Now, researchers are considering AI’s ability to act as human subjects in fields such as psychology, political science, economics, and market research. No one is yet suggesting that chatbots can completely replace humans in behavioral studies. But they may act as convenient stand-ins(替代者) in pilot studies and for designing experiments, saving time and money. Language models might also help with experiments that would be too impractical, or even dangerous to run with people. “It’s a really interesting time,” says Ayelet Israeli, a marketing professor at Harvard Business School who believes the models’ impact on behavioral research could amount to a “revolution”. “Some of these results are just astonishing.”
1. What is a problem facing Kurt Gray at the start of a study?A.Online participants demand higher pay. | B.Volunteers dislike the online experiment. |
C.Preparations take lots of time and effort. | D.Researchers lack skills to function in teams. |
A.Demanding. | B.Worrying. | C.Amusing. | D.Satisfying. |
A.They can be applied to cases difficult to study. | B.They may replace human subjects completely. |
C.They will improve people’s well-being. | D.They might promote economic growth. |
A.What Has AI Brought About? | B.What Do We Expect of GPT |
C.Should We Get Rid of Chatbots? | D.Can AI Help Behavioral Research? |
2 . Seafloor cables (光缆) carry over 95% of all digital data traffic worldwide, including financial trading information and social media communications. However, how the Earth’s changing climate could impact this vast undersea network has been relatively understudied until now.
In a new study published in Earth-Science Reviews, an international team of researchers led by the UK’s National Oceanography Centre(NOC) worked to illuminate this problem by assessing how and where future climate change is likely to impact subsea cables.
By analyzing published datasets, the researchers identified regional climate change “hotspots” where threats to subsea cables may become more intense. These include areas in the western Pacific where changes to tropical cyclone (热带气旋) intensity and frequency have already increased cable damage.
“In our paper, we conducted the first comprehensive assessment of a range of climate-related threats to seafloor cables across the globe and their landing stations,” says study co-author Thomas Wahl. “Our analysis clearly stresses the need to carefully plan cable routes and landing station locations factoring in a range of local threats and how those are affected by climate change.”
When we look at Florida, there are at least 21 subsea telecommunications cables that connect to the Florida coastline, North and South America and the Caribbean, meaning that there will be a breakdown in communications worldwide if a cable is damaged, the researchers say.
However, the study identifies the importance of assessing changing conditions, particularly where multiple cable systems share a landing point, as they may be affected by combinations of threats that affect the low-lying Florida coastline, such as sea level rise, and changes in storm activity. “Our reliance on cables that are no wider than a garden hose (软管) is a surprise to many, who regard satellites as the main means of communication,” says lead author Mike Clare, a researcher with NOC. “But satellites simply don’t have the bandwidth to support modern digital systems. The ‘cloud’ is not in the sky—it is under the sea.”
1. What does the underlined word “illuminate” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Find. | B.Miss. | C.Explain. | D.Connect. |
A.The threat of sea level rise. | B.The finding of the study. |
C.The cause of climate change. | D.The method of the research. |
A.Effective. | B.Complex. | C.Stable. | D.Critical. |
A.Subsea cables are more important for global communications. |
B.Satellites have the ability to support modern digital systems. |
C.Natural disasters will happen frequently due to climate change. |
D.There is no need to assess potential threats to seafloor cables. |
3 . Many visual artists have a signature style, as unique and identifiable as a fingerprint. For Amoako Boafo, who often paints with his fingers, this seems doubly true. His distinctive paint strokes (笔画) combine the complex skin tones of his chosen subjects, many of whom are, like himself, Africans with global life experiences.
Boafo, whose first solo museum exhibition runs at the Seattle Art Museum, was born and raised in Accra, Ghana, and moved to Vienna, Austria, in 2014, where he ran into difficulties, with gallerists unwilling to show his works due to his focus on Black figures. He continued making an effort to create self-portraits (自画像) and people he knew or admired-African people and Black people who have African ancestry, painting a community of sorts during a time of hardship. He also developed his standout approach to figurative painting, which combines areas of bright and noticeable color with his soft and deep fingerpainting.
He began posting his art online and caught the attention of artists like Kehinde Wiley, the celebrated American artist. The word started to spread.
Boafo is now a global art star, with numerous shows at galleries and art fairs, working with fashion house Dior, and several paintings selling for over a million dollars. In 2021, with three of his paintings being launched into space by Blue Origin, Jeff Bezos’ Kent-based spaceflight company, you might even say Boafo has rocketed to success.
And yet a recent phone conversation with the artist from his studio in Accra, which is once again his home base, revealed a well-mannered person who appreciated his success while pointing out all of the luck and preparation that led to it. Seeing so many of his paintings -created from 2016 to 2022-gathered together in an exhibition has helped him remember that “I did not ‘just happen. ‘I did not expect this success but I was hopeful and ready for it.”
1. What makes Boafo’s paintings different from other artists’ works?A.His finger strokes. | B.His home country. ss-ess |
C.His life experiences. | D.His traditional style. |
A.By turning to celebrated artists for help. | B.By developing a unique painting style. |
C.By running his art exhibition at home. | D.By working with local art galleries. |
A.To indicate the price of space travel. | B.To show the value of Boafo’s works. |
C.To introduce an international brand. | D.To tell us the advances in technology. |
A.He is talkative. | B.He is patient. | C.He is determined. | D.He is humorous. |
4 . Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website Book Crossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register (登记) the books they own and would like to share. Book Crossing provides an identification number (识别码) to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
Bruce Pederson, the managing director of Book Crossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. Book Crossing combines both.”
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E— mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.
Book Crossing is part of a trend (趋势) among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual (虚拟).The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty—five countries.
1. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?A.To explain what they are. | B.To introduce Book Crossing. |
C.To stress the importance of reading. | D.To encourage readers to share their ideas. |
A.An adventure. | B.A public place. |
C.The book. | D.The identification number. |
A.Keep it safe in his bookcase. | B.Mail it back to its owner. |
C.Meet other readers to discuss it. | D.Pass it on to another reader. |
A.Online Reading: A Virtual Tour | B.Electronic Books: A New Trend |
C.A Book Group Brings Tradition Back | D.A Website Links People through Books |
Ali and his younger sister, Zahra, lived with their parents in a poor neighborhood. Their mother was very sick and their father was struggling to find a job, and they had only a little money with which to buy food. As they had not paid the rent for several months, the landlord was breathing down their necks.
One day, Ali took Zahra's shoes to a shoe repairman to be fixed, but he lost them on the way home. It wasn’t until he got home that he realized he had lost the shoes. He was afraid that his parents would be angry and disappointed, so he begged his sister to keep it a secret. Zahra agreed and the two decided to share Ali’s running shoes. Zahra's school hours were in the morning, so she would wear them first. After school, she would rush back and give them to Ali. He could then run to his school, which began in the afternoon. Although he ran as fast as he could, Ali often arrived late and was warned by the school.
Ali heard about a long distance race that was held for the boys in the city.When he learned that the third prize was a new pair of shoes, he decided to take part. He ran home excitedly and promised his sister that he would win her the new shoes.
The day of race arrived. Ali had a strong start, but halfway through the race he began to get tired and his legs began to ache. Getting more and more exhausted he thought only of Zahra and his promise to her. Dreaming of the new shoes he would win for his sister gave him strength, and he stayed right behind the two fastest runners, determined to finish third. Suddenly, as the finish line drew near, another runner collided(碰撞) with Ali from behind and he crashed to the ground.
Ali looked up and saw the other boys rushing ahead.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Filled with delight, Ali walked home quickly.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 . When it comes to making a good impression, you can say all the right things. But it won’t be helpful until they are accompanied with the right body language.
Pay attention to how much you’re blinking (眨眼).
Maintain a proper amount of eye contact. By maintaining eye contact with the persons you’re talking to — or meeting for the first time — you’re letting them know that you’re paying attention to what they are saying. Eye contact is good.
Keep your hands quiet. When you are nervous, it’s common for you to keep touching things with your hands.
Talk with your hands, if it’s appropriate! If you’re enthusiastic about something you re speaking about, feel free to gesture. Just don’t overdo it.
Widen your stance. If you want to appear confident when you’re meeting someone, stand your ground! If you keep your feet close together, or crossed, you re more likely to be considered nervous or insecure.
A.Shake hands properly |
B.Instead, stand with your feet apart |
C.Rapid blinking can make you look nervous |
D.Feel free to casually look at something else |
E.But nonstop staring can make the speaker feel uncomfortable |
F.Not only are you paying attention, but you’re interested in it as well |
G.So avoid touching your hair or adjusting your clothing too frequently |
7 . When you’re meeting someone for the first time, you’re eager to make a good impression. Your body language can make a great difference.
●Shake hands firmly
Weak handshakes can make you seem shy and anything but confident.
●
Stand up straight, but don’t tighten, or you may look nervous. Be sure to check your posture and straighten up as needed.
●Keep a suitable amount of eye contact
●Nod and smile when proper
Try nodding three times to show that you’re really absorbing what he is saying.
●Laugh genuinely
Even if you’re in a formal setting, if he has clearly said something that was intended to encourage a laugh, laugh! Show him that you have a sense of humor, and you’re listening to what he is saying.
A.Keep your posture relaxed |
B.Keep your feet close together |
C.This applies to both sitting and standing |
D.If you’re in a state of anxiety or tension |
E.Your handshake should be firm but not too tight |
F.It is important to keep eye contact in a conversation |
G.When it comes to smiling, make sure it reaches your eyes |
The Great Wall, running for more than 20,000 kilometers, is a historical landmark with worldwide fame, but
However, a WeChat miniprogram, Great Wall E-tour, is allowing every enthusiast to be a hero in a virtual world, in
Liu Yuzhu, head of the China Foundation for Cultural Heritage Conservation, says “We made documentaries and published animated books in the past. These are popular, but the Great Wall is
As a Chinese, I feel extremely proud.
9 . Famous People Who Begin With Difficulties
Oprah Winfrey
Probably having one of the most famous success stories, Oprah was born into a poor family in Mississippi, raised by a single mother living on welfare. She was physically, and mentally abused during her childhood. Despite her initial struggles as a young girl, she turned herself into one of the most successful talk show hosts of our time.
Jim Carrey
Jim Carrey has been the star of some of the most successful movies of all time. But Carrey grew up extremely poor in Canada. When he was a teenager, his family took security jobs in a factory to help pay the bills. And during his first stand-up comedy performance, he was booed off (喝倒彩) the stage. Not shortly after, he made it big on In Living Color and then went on to star in Dumb & Dumber, The Mask, and Ace Ventura in the same year!
James Dyson
If you thought Thomas Edison’s failures were bad, let me introduce you to James Dyson, the famous inventor of the Dyson vacuums (真空吸尘器) you see all over the television. Dyson developed over 5,000 failed prototypes (原型) before finding the bagless vacuum brand. Not only that, he put his entire savings account into his prototypes over fifteen years! Luckily, the bagless vacuum worked.
Stephen King
Before Stephen King became known as a great living writer—having written over 60 novels, many of which have been adapted for film and television—King was rejected over and over again. In his memoir, On Writing, King describes how he used to post his rejection letters on the wall for inspiration. His first novel, Carrie, was rejected 30 times.
1. What do Oprah and Jim have in common?A.They were abused by parents. | B.They grew up in poor families. |
C.They were hired as comedians. | D.They found jobs in a factory. |
A.He repaired the failed prototypes. | B.He developed over 5,000 brands. |
C.He put all efforts into marketing. | D.He invented the bagless vacuum. |
A.Oprah Winfrey. | B.Stephen King. | C.James Dyson. | D.Jim Carrey. |
10 . There are experts that say the best years come in the second half of life. Although there are no guarantees, there are simple things you can do today to help you benefit from the blessings that arrive with gray hair and reading glasses.
●Reduce stress.
●Eat better. You don’t have to adopt some crazy diet or give up all sweets.
●
●Keep moving. Exercise lowers blood pressure, controls our weight, strengthens our bones and muscles, reduces our risk for cancers, and improves our mood. Some research also says it has the power to keep us young. Physical activity can improve flexibility, strength, and balance. You don’t have to take up running marathons.
A.Check with your doctor |
B.Everyone experiences stress |
C.Just work more movement into your day |
D.Instead, try to eat a few more vegetables and fruits |
E.Try to avoid intensive exercise as much as possible |
F.The doctor will most likely check your blood pressure |
G.The doctor then decides next steps to treat anything coming up |