1 . A team at Oregon State University has started a three-year study into the effects of poor air quality from wildfires on dairy cows(奶牛). In an area hit by increasingly severe and numerous wildfires, and where there are a large number of cows, identifying the impacts of wildfires on cows' milk production and welfare is vital.
Previous research from the University of Idaho has found that cows exposed to poor air quality and heat stress, which were caused by wildfires, produced around 1.3 liters less milk per day than the average. The study must be expanded in order to explore broader patterns.
Ashly Anderson, who worked on this particular study, said, “Due to climate change, we're going to be seeing more wildfires-and because of that there are going to be more animals exposed to wildfires. Being able to tell what kind of effects there are and how they might be affected in the future is very important.”
In an attempt to collect more data, Juliana Ranches and her colleague Jenifer Cruickshank have begun their three-year study. They have put 30 cows, which they refer to as “smoke cows”, out to pasture(牧场). Each time there is a wildfire event which results in an Air Quality Index measure of over 50, Ranches takes daily milk samples and blood tests. She also monitors and measures the cows' respiratory(呼吸的)rates and body temperatures.
“We're getting a clearer picture of what these cows are experiencing, through poor air quality associated with wildfires—a better understanding of the effects on them. With that information, we can start to look at the negative effects and minimize the damage," Juliana Ranches said.
As summers in Oregon become hotter and drier, wildfires are on the rise, even in western parts of the state which have not historically seen them as frequently. This study and others into the impacts of smoke on dairy cows provide important information for dairy farmers, when it comes to both the welfare of their animals and their commercial productivity.
1. What has the research from the University of Idaho found?| A．Wildfires can cause cows to produce less milk. |
| B．Cows' milk production is causing air pollution. |
| C．The number of cows in Oregon gradually drops. |
| D．The air quality in all states is becoming poorer. |
| A．The root cause of the global climate change. |
| B．The best way to live in harmony with animals. |
| C．The value of protecting animals from wildfires. |
| D．The necessity of identifying the effects of wildfires. |
| A．She cures cows of their illnesses. | B．She keeps cows away from smoke. |
| C．She monitors cows' physical health. | D．She helps cows produce more milk. |
| A．It is significant for dairy farmers. | B．It needs to be improved in various aspects. |
| C．It misses important information. | D．It is the first to study wildfires and cows. |
2 . Drive through any suburb in the US today, and it’s hard to miss the bins that have become companions to America’s trash cans. Recycling has become commonplace, as people recognize the need to care for the environment. Yet most people’s recycling consciousness extends only as far as paper, bottles, and cans. People seldom find themselves facing the growing problem of e-waste.
E-waste rapidly increases as the techno-fashionable frequently upgrade to the most advanced device and the majority of them end up in landfills(垃圾填埋地). Some people who track such waste say that users throw away nearly 2 million tons of TVs, VCRs, computers, cell phones, and other electronics every day. Unless we can find a safe replacement, this e-waste may get into the ground and poison the water with dangerous toxins(毒素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic. Burning the waste also dangerously contaminates the air.
However, e-waste often contains reusable silver, gold, and other electrical materials. Recycling these materials reduces environmental problems by reducing both landfill waste and the need to look for such metals, which can destroy ecosystems.
A growing number of states have adopted laws to ban dumping(倾倒)e-waste. Still, less than a quarter of this waste will reach lawful recycling programs. Some companies advertising safe disposal(处置)in fact merely ship the waste to some developing countries, where it still ends up in landfills. These organizations prevent progress by unsafely disposing of waste in an out-of-sight, out-of-mind location.
However, the small but growing number of cities and corporations that do handle e-waste responsibly represents progress toward making the world a cleaner, better place for us all.
1. What can we infer from the first paragraph?| A．Most of America’s trash cans are made of recycled material. |
| B．E-waste cannot be put into trash cans in the US. |
| C．Most Americans have realized the dangers of e-waste. |
| D．Many Americans now have access to recycling bins. |
| A．reduce. | B．heat. | C．absorb. | D．pollute. |
| A．Progress is being made in handling e-waste. |
| B．A growing number of states ship the e-waste to developing countries. |
| C．A large number of cities have begun to handle e-waste responsibly. |
| D．The world will become cleaner by disposing of waste in an out-of-sight location. |
| A．To tell us how to recycle e-waste. |
| B．To talk about the future of e-waste. |
| C．To encourage us to deal with e-waste properly, |
| D．To discuss if it’s necessary to recycle e-waste. |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Would you like to be a greener person to protect our environment? Here was some advice. You should reduce the waste you produce daily. You can use all sides of the paper and collecting the drinking bottles. Remember to sort the waste so that it can be well recycle. It would be better for you turn off the power in your house when you go out. Instead of driving your car everywhere, you can save energy by either walking nor riding a bike. Beside, take a bag along when shopping to avoid using too many plastic bag. Last but not least, never spit in the public. It is real easy to be an eco-friendly person.
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Let’s Protect the Environment Together!
Dear boys and girls,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.保护环境的重要性；
2.保护环境的具体措施。
注意：1.词数100左右。
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
6 . A new phone app uses shaking from smartphones to warn people about earthquakes. The new app is called MyShake, which is the work of four researchers at the University of California, Berkeley.
Smartphones are equipped with accelerometers （加速器）.MyShake uses phone accelerometers to measure seismic （地震的）activity. It has been programmed to know the difference between normal activity and earthquake movement. The software developers say their app is right 93 percent of the time. A smartphone sends seismic information to the app developers. If the developers receive several warnings from one area it recognizes that an earthquake may be taking place or will take place soon. Using information sent from the app, the network then judges the location and strength of the quake in real time. MyShake can record 5. 0 earthquakes at distances of 10 kilometers or less.
MyShake uses very little power according to its developers. Only when seismic activity is sensed by the app does it become active and sends data to the network. The app works best when your phone is resting on a flat surface like a table.
The developers hope that MyShake can add to information collected by the US Geological Survey. That US agency has created the Earthquake Early Warning System also known as the EEW. The EEW has used sensors for measuring quakes in many areas. In places where no such equipment exists MyShake may be the only method of early quake detection（发现）. The app also shows ways to stay safer during an earthquake. The developers say it will become more effective as more people use it.
The developers say they hope to add a feature that will warn people about a possible tsunami（海啸）after an earthquake.
1. What's the main idea of the first two paragraphs?| A．What seismic activity is, |
| B．What MyShake is and how it works. |
| C．When accelerometers record earthquakes. |
| D．MyShake plays an important role in reporting earthquakes. |
| A．Only when smart phones are placed on a flat surface can it work. |
| B．The smart phone can warn its owner when it senses an earthquake. |
| C．MyShake can quickly send seismic information to the app's developers. |
| D．MyShake can sense the difference between normal activities and earthquakes every time. |
| A．To better the EEW. |
| B．To combine the EEW and MyShake. |
| C．To add its function to warn the possible damage after an earthquake. |
| D．To use the information by the U.S. Geological Survey to better MyShake. |
| A．MyShake will Be Used in Earthquakes |
| B．MyShake Is on the Way to Predict Earthquakes |
| C．MyShake Has Been Developed to Predict Earthquakes |
| D．MyShake Makes Earthquake Prediction More Accurate |
7 . Who would win in a fight, a lion or a tiger? Well, if size has anything to do with the matter, the tiger would win. That’s because tigers are the largest of all cat species. Tigers are not only large, they are also fast. They can dash as fast as 40 miles per hour for short distances and leap as far as 30 feet.
At the start of the 20th century, there were over 100,000 tigers living in the wild. By the turn of the century, the number of tigers outside of catch decreased to just over 3, 000. Interestingly, the most serious threats that tigers face come from a much smaller species, one with an average weight of around 140 lbs. That species is Homo sapiens, better known as humans.
Tigers are hunted for many reasons.
Tigers have also been hunted as a game.
Humans have done great damage to the world’s tiger population through hunting, but perhaps more damage has been caused through the destruction of habitat. Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, all the way from Turkey to the eastern coast of Russia.
| A．Though humans have done great harm to tigers. |
| B．A lion is not as large as a tiger but runs faster than it. |
| C．People have long valued the famous striped（有条纹的）skins. |
| D．But over the past 100 years, tigers have lost 93% of their historic range. |
| E．Humans threaten tigers in primarily two ways：hunting and destroying habitat. |
| F．In other words, people hunted tigers only for the thrill and achievement of killing them. |
| G．You may not think that such large, fast, and fierce tigers need help to survive, but they do. |
8 . Global warming is the increase of the earth’s average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases, for example, carbon dioxide, which traps heat that would otherwise escape from the earth. After the trees are cut down and more greenhouse gases are released. the “blanket” around the earth called the ozone layer（臭氧层）, will get thicker. This catches more heat and makes the earth hotter. Luckily, there are many things that every citizen of the earth can do to help reduce the effects of global warming, and it’s never too late or too early for children to take action.
The children should learn what a carbon footprint is. A carbon footprint is the amount of carbon and greenhouse gases people make as they lead the daily life and go about the normal activities. In other words, the carbon footprint is a measure of the environmental impact（冲击）the life has. To live an environmentally friendly life that doesn’t contribute to global warming, people-want to have the smallest carbon footprint possible.
Almost everything people do contributes to global warming and is related to fossil fuel consumption. These can be direct uses of fossil fuels, like riding in a gasoline-powered car, or indirect contributions to greenhouse gases, such as eating fruits or vegetables that have to be shipped from far way to reach their tables.
If a child wants to make a contribution to reducing global warming, he should ride a bicycle to the near park, school, his friend’s house, or anywhere else instead of taking the car. Or he may try to walk or jog, which is also helpful. In addition, although trains and buses often run on fossil fuels, on average, each person uses less energy and produces less pollution to run. Next time if children with their parents have to get around town or it’s too far to walk or bike, take the bus or other public transportation instead of asking for a ride.
1. What is the main reason for global warming?| A．Too much greenhouse gases are released. |
| B．The ozone layer has caught more heat. |
| C．Much more ozone layer has been released. |
| D．The increase of the earth’s inner temperature results in the global warming. |
| A．Life has an impact on carbon footprint. |
| B．The definition of a carbon footprint. |
| C．People should live an environmental friendly life. |
| D．People make a huge amount of carbon and greenhouse gases. |
| A．children | B．parents | C．children educators | D．adults |
| A．What Can People Do To Use Less Energy? |
| B．Why Global Warming Affects Humans’ Life? |
| C．How Can Kids Help Reduce Global Warming? |
| D．How Does Carbon Footprints Measure Pollution? |
9 . In between all the measures to battle the severe air pollution in Delhi, India, there’s one more option — a bar that has “pure air”.
Founded by Aryavir Kumar, Oxy Pure, Delhi’s first-ever oxygen bar, offers 15 minutes of 80-90 percent pure oxygen, costing Rs 299 ($4.2). Customers are given a lightweight tube for oxygen intake. The device (装置) is placed near the customer’s nostrils (鼻孔) through which they are advised to breathe in the oxygen.
The bar also offers its customers several aromas (气味) to go with oxygen, including lemongrass, cherry and more. According to the aroma people choose, each session promises to improve sleep patterns and digestion, cure headaches, and even claims to work as a treatment for depression.
Bonny Irengbam, a senior sales assistant at the bar, said, “Some people, who try it for the first time, will feel relaxed and fresh. But only people who do this regularly will get real benefits. By regularly, I mean once or twice a month. We don’t encourage back-to-back sessions, as increased levels of oxygen in the body can make a person dizzy.”
Dr. Rajesh Chawla, a senior doctor at the Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, said, “Even if you breathe in the so-called pure oxygen for two hours in a day, you will go back to breathing the polluted air for the rest of the 22 hours. The concept is purely money-driven.”
Recalling the first few months of the bar, Irengbam admitted that people were sceptical. “Many people criticised, saying we were selling air. Others were simply scared to breathe through the tube.”
Irengbam said the bar saw a significant rise in the number of customers two to three days after Diwali, an Indian festival mainly celebrated by fireworks and lights, as the pollution levels were high.
1. What do we know about the oxygen intake?| A．It surely has a promising future. | B．It will always cause side effects. |
| C．It was not well received at first. | D．It can cure people of depression. |
| A．Once-a-month. | B．Once-in-a-while. |
| C．Once-and-for-all. | D．One-after-another. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Favorable. | C．Unconcerned. | D．Unclear. |
| A．To explain how to breathe in the oxygen. |
| B．To introduce the first oxygen bar in India. |
| C．To show people’s responses to the device. |
| D．To advertise for Aryavir Kumar’s business. |
10 . Nola (August 21, 1974—November 22, 2015) was a northern white rhino who lived at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park near Escondido, California. At her death, she was one of only four remaining northern white rhinos in the world. The other three lived in Kenya. World Rhino Day, held on September 2, is to raise awareness(意识) of the less than 30, 000 other rhinos left on Earth.
''Rhinos need our help today, not tomorrow,'' Nola's lead keeper Jane Kennedy said. ''Last year we lost over 1, 200 rhinos just in South Africa. If we continue to lose more than 1, 000 rhinos a year, in 10 to 20 years all the rhinos on the planet will be gone. ''
''Unfortunately, most animals are in danger of dying out because of humans,'' Kennedy says. ''Humans have either poached animals, or because there are over seven billion of us, we've taken up too much of the world's resources''. Poachers illegally hunt rhinos for their horns. They sell the horns for thousands of dollars per pound, to be used for art, jewelry, and decorations. Experts believe that one rhino is poached every eight hours.
In 1975, the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research started the Frozen Zoo, a program through which researchers have collected cell (细胞) samples from more than 8, 000 different types of animals, including the northern white rhino. Scientists hope that by studying the rhino cells, they will get greater understanding of it, and will find ways to increase its numbers.
Jane Kennedy describes World Rhino Day as a celebration of rhinos along with an awareness campaign for everybody across the world to know that rhinos need our help. ''At the San Diego Zoo, children and adults are welcome to visit and speak with zookeepers to learn about rhinos. But you don't have to live in San Diego to celebrate World Rhino Day. It is observed around the world, with zoos and wildlife parks holding special events and programs to teach people about rhinos, and enable them to see the animals up close. For more information, go to www. worldrhinoday. org.
1. What do we know about Nola?| A．It was a baby white rhino. |
| B．It was one of the last of its kind. |
| C．It lived with other northern white rhinos in Kenya. |
| D．It died on September 22 at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. |
| A．The rhinos' uncertain future. |
| B．The rhinos' strange activities. |
| C．The limited natural resources. |
| D．The rare animals in South Africa. |
| A．Invent new kinds of animals. |
| B．Keep animals from dying out. |
| C．Prevent rhinos from being hunted. |
| D．Raise public awareness of rhinos. |
| A．To help people know more about animals. |
| B．To encourage people to protect rhinos. |
| C．To report special events in San Diego. |
| D．To introduce World Rhino Day. |
