1.活动形式及内容；
2.注意事项；
3.其它。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Smith,
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Yours,
Li Hua
2 . The Lifecycle of a T-shirt
We all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You’d probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.
There are 5 major stages: material, production, shipping, use and disposal.The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning. While cotton is a natural fiber and not as harmful to the environment as manmade fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂）is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.
Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc.——these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.
After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stage. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服）are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck…，all of which spill CO2 into the atmosphere. Calculations show that C02 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.
Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the leastenvironmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you’ve washed and dried your favorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.
The final stage of life is disposal. This releases harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.
We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let’s all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing... It has a real impact on the planet.
There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycle clothes. If they’re too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.
1. What can be inferred from this passage?| A．The production process may affect water safety. |
| B．The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India. |
| C．Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down. |
| D．The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages. |
| A．pesticides in cotton farming cost over 4 billion dollars every year |
| B．C02 emissions of land transport amount to 1.15 pounds per mile |
| C．about 15% of the clothes and shoes are made of materials that are recycled |
| D．about 16, 000 gallons of water is used annually by an average family on laundry |
| A．wastes water | B．has a bad effect |
| C．uses energy | D．takes a lot of time |
| A．To encourage people to donate clothes to charity. |
| B．To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing. |
| C．To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton. |
| D．To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes. |
3 . Drive through any suburb in the U.S. Today, and it’s hard to miss the recycling bins that have become companions to America’s trash cans. Recycling has become common, as people recognize the need to care for the environment. Yet most people’s recycling consciousness extends only as far as paper, bottles, and cans. People seldom find themselves facing the growing problem of e-waste.
E-waste rapidly increases as the techno- fashionable frequently upgrade to the most advanced devices, and the majority of them end up in landfills (垃圾填埋地). Some people who track such waste say that users throw away nearly 2 million tons of TVs, VCRs, computers, cell phones, and other electronics every year. Unless we can find a safe replacement, this e-waste may get into the ground and poison the water with dangerous toxins (毒素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic. Burning the waste also dangerously contaminates the air.
However, e-waste often contains reusable silver, gold, and other electrical materials. Recycling these materials reduces environmental problems by reducing both landfill waste and the need to look for such metals, which can destroy ecosystems.
A growing number of states have adopted laws to ban dumping e-waste. Still, less than a quarter of this waste will reach lawful recycling programs. Some companies advertising safe disposal in fact merely ship the waste to some developing countries, where it still ends up in landfills. These organizations prevent progress by unsafely disposing of waste in an out- of- sight, out- of- mind location.
However, the small but growing number of cities and corporations that do handle e- waste responsibly represents progress toward making the world a cleaner, better place for us all.
1. What can we infer from the first paragraph?| A．Many Americans now have access to recycling bins. |
| B．E-waste cannot be put into trash cans in the U.S. |
| C．Most Americans have realized the dangers of e-waste. |
| D．Most of America’s trash cans are made of recycled material. |
| A．pollutes. | B．heats. |
| C．absorbs. | D．reduces. |
| A．It’s important. | B．It’s unsafe. |
| C．It’s acceptable. | D．It’s uncommon. |
| A．To tell us how to recycle e-waste. |
| B．To talk about the future of e-waste. |
| C．To discuss if it’s necessary to recycle e-waste. |
| D．To encourage us to deal with e-waste properly. |
4 . Ethiopia’s eastern lowlands bordering Somalia are suffering through a severe drought. The rainy season was late and not enough, causing great losses among local livestock herds. Coming on the heels of two previous dry years in Ethiopia, the drought of 2017 compounded already serious situation in the country. As a result, many families in the country’s Somali region are experiencing chronic (长期的) food insecurity and concerning rates of a lack of nutrition.
The United States, Ethiopia’s largest donor of emergency and development aid, continues to deliver a large-scale humanitarian response. In late August, USAID Administrator Mark Green announced that in order to help relieve the terrible humanitarian situation, the United States will deliver 91 million dollars in additional humanitarian assistance for those Ethiopians who are even now struggling with severe food insecurity and malnutrition (营养不良).
“This funding will provide additional emergency food assistance and vital medical care,” he said.
A day earlier, Mr. Green announced that Ethiopia had been chosen as one of a dozen countries that will participate in the second period of the Feed the Future Initiative. This 7-year old program aims to reduce global hunger, poverty, and under-nutrition by focusing on smallholder farmers, increasing investments in agriculture, and supporting country-owned plans for improving food security and nutrition while creating opportunities for economic growth and trade. In this way, the United States hopes to help strengthen Ethiopia’s resilience (恢复力) to climatic shocks.
I don’t view development in humanitarian assistance as a gift or a handout. I view it as a hand up. We want to help people stand on their own two feet and build their own brighter futures, and that’s what I hope our assistance can play a useful role in.” said USAID Administrator Green.
1. What does the underlined word “compounded” in Paragraph 1 mean?| A．Mixed. | B．Changed. |
| C．Formed. | D．Worsened. |
| A．To help build Ethiopian brighter futures. |
| B．To deliver humanitarian assistance to Ethiopia. |
| C．To reduce hunger, poverty mid under-nutrition worldwide. |
| D．To help strengthen global resilience to severe droughts. |
| A．USAID is expected to help Ethiopians build brighter futures. |
| B．The United States will send 91 billion dollars to Ethiopia. |
| C．USAID is considered as a handout by Administrator Green. |
| D．Ethiopians are now suffering no nutrition. |
| A．The Feed the Future Initiative Program |
| B．More US Humanitarian Aid for Ethiopia |
| C．Severe Droughts in Ethiopia |
| D．Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Ethiopia |
5 . Trapped under six stories of ruins after the Haiti earthquake leveled his hotel, Dan Woolley believed he was going to die. But rather than give in to despair, the film-maker spent 65 hours beneath the earth looking up ways t treat his injuries on his iPhone. He also wrote a moving diary for his family, thinking they would only read his last message of love and comfort after his death. Instead, he was pulled from the disaster after a week-and will soon be reunited with his family.
Mr. Woolley had travelled from America to Haiti with his colleague David Hames. Both had been working for charity. He was in the entrance-hall when the earthquake struck and just had time to dive into a comer before the building fell. Buried under tons of ruins, the film-maker downloaded a first aid application to his iPhone. He used the light from the iPhone to show him his injuries and diagnosed it properly as a broken leg. Then, he used the instructions from the app to treat the serious bleeding. The app advised him not to go to sleep if he felt he was going into shock. The resourceful Mr. Woolley set his phone alarm to go off every 20 minutes to keep him awake. New technology has played a huge part.
Mr. Woolley used a small black notebook to write messages to his family. He had thought his relatives would read them after he was dead. “I was in a big accident. Don’t be upset at God,” he wrote, “I’m still praying that God will get me out, but He may not. But He will always take care of you.”
Mr. Woolley was eventually located by a French rescue team and removed to the U.S. where he was reunited with his wife. Speaking after being flown to Miami for surgery, he said, “Boy, I cried. I wanted to use that time to do everything I could for my family. If it could be just to leave some notes that would help them in life, I would do that.”
He is now looking forward to seeing his family.
1. In the diary, Mr. Woolley noted his family.| A．he was looking for ways to survive |
| B．his iPhone was more than useful |
| C．he wanted to do something for his family |
| D．this might be his last messages of love |
| A．Woolley was confident that he would survive. |
| B．Woolley was making a film when the earthquake broke out. |
| C．Woolley is now reconvening in a Haiti hospital. |
| D．Woolley tried to stay conscious under the ruins. |
| A．His beloved family. | B．The high technology. |
| C．His strong will. | D．The French rescue team. |
| A．A Large Earthquake Hit Haiti |
| B．Strong Will Saved Woolley |
| C．A Man Used an iPhone to Survive |
| D．Nothing Is More Important than Family |
6 . Coffee drink is widespread. When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they’re usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it good for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the shade of taller trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases the local wildlife habitat, because native birds nest and hide from predators（捕食者）in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides（杀虫剂）are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, and then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade-grown" and "bird-friendly".
Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it’s worth it.
1. Which opinion does the author agree with?| A．People should buy full-sun coffee. |
| B．Shade-grown coffee should be supported. |
| C．Farmers should change the places to grow coffee. |
| D．Pesticides should be forbidden in coffee planting. |
| A．It can protect the ecosystem. |
| B．It can promote people's health. |
| C．It can provide mare nests for birds. |
| D．It can increase the production of coffee. |
| A．They cut down trees. |
| B．They move to other countries. |
| C．They turn grassland into farmland. |
| D．They buy more land from other farmers. |
| A．It is quite worthwhile to buy shade-grown coffee at any cost. |
| B．Farmers all have realized the importance of protecting the environment now. |
| C．South American farmers are taking action to plant coffee in the traditional way. |
| D．The full-sun method does good to the health of human beings in the long run. |
7 . As a result of pollution, Lake Erie, on the borders of the USA and Canada, is now without any living things.
Pollution in water is not simply a matter of “poisons” killing large numbers of fish overnight, Very often the effects of pollution are not noticed for many months or years because the first organisms（生物体）to be affected are either plants or plankton. But these organisms are the food of fish and birds and other creatures. When this food disappears, the fish and birds die too. In this way a whole food chain can be wiped out, and it’s not until dead fish and water birds are seen at the river’s edge or on the seashore that people realize what is happening.
Where do the substances which pollute the water come from? There are two main sources of sewage（污水）and industrial waste . As more detergent（洗涤剂）is used in the home, so more of it is finally put into our rivers, lakes and seas . Detergents harm water birds, dissolving the natural substances which keep their feathers water - proof. Sewage itself, if not properly treated, makes the water dirty and prevents all forms of life in rivers and the sea from receiving the oxygen they need. Industrial waste is even more harmful as there are many highly poisonous things in it, such as copper and lead（铅）.
So, if we want to stop this pollution, the answer is simple: sewage and industrial waste must be made clear before flowing into the water . It may already be too late to save some rivers and lakes, but others can still be saved if the correct action is taken at once.
1. Pollution of water is noticed________.| A．when the first organisms are affected |
| B．when a good many fish and birds die |
| C．when poisonous things are poured into water |
| D．as soon as the balance of nature is destroyed |
| A．water | B．fish |
| C．poison | D．oxygen |
| A．Organisms |
| B．Plants and plankton in the water |
| C．Waste water from cities |
| D．Industrial waste made clear before flowing into the water. |
| A．realize the serious situation clearly |
| B．put oxygen into the river |
| C．make the waste material harmless before flowing into the water |
| D．make special room in the sea for our rubbish |
8 . At most schools, “going green” means generating less trash or making an attempt to recycle. But at New York’s Riverdale Country School, it means being encouraged to run and even jump in the hallway. That’s because the school was the first to install the specially-designed Pavegen floor tiles in America.
The tiles use kinetic energy (动能) expanded by the kids and transform it into electricity that can be used to power classroom lights, science projects and charge electronic devices. The first US installation of Pavegen tiles near the school’s student center is thanks to 14-year-old Zach Halem, who managed to convince the officials to purchase them.
Besides providing fun green energy, the tiles also serve as a learning tool. Every time a student steps on one, a brightly-lit LED board provides instant feedback (反馈信息) on how much energy was generated. Depending on the force, every step results in between one to seven watts — enough power to light an LED street lamp for about 30 seconds.
Made largely from rubber and other recycled materials the tiles are invented by the 26-year-old British industrial designer Laurence Kembell-Cook. While new to the US, they have been installed in numerous places in Europe, ranging from a London underground station to a marathon track in Paris. However, it was not until Pavegen started getting popular in London schools that Laurence realized that his invention not only saved energy, but was also fun!
Though the young inventor will not give too many details about the technology behind this green tile, he says that it is very different from other kinetic energy harvesting systems.
Whatever the secret, let’s hope more US schools decide to install these fun tiles. In fact, why stop at schools? These tiles could be installed everywhere, from sidewalks to homes. Then we could all be “green” and have fun! Who knew that was even possible?
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?| A．American students are encouraged to run and jump as much as possible. |
| B．“Going green” means generating less trash or making an attempt to recycle. |
| C．New York’s Riverdale Country School took a different way to go green. |
| D．New York’s Riverdale Country School is the first US school to try new ways to go green. |
| A．His original motive to invent the Pavegen tiles was to save energy. |
| B．He believed his invention would be popular with students. |
| C．He keeps all the technology behind this green tile a secret. |
| D．He persuaded the school to install Pavegen tiles. |
| A．Science. | B．Architecture. | C．Education. | D．Agriculture. |
增加：在缺词处加加一个漏字符号（Λ），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均限一词。
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Dear teachers and students,
As we know, air pollution is serious environmental problem in our city. Every day we had to take in very dirty air, which isn’t good for our healthy. To make sure the air fresh, we should keep the following suggestions on mind. Firstly, we should take a bus or ride a bicycle as much as possible instead of drive a car. Secondly, we shouldn’t throw litter here and there but put them into the dustbin. Thirdly, some factories should be closed and moved out of the city. Finally, we need to plant many trees to make the air fresher. Let’s take action and try your best to make the air in the city cleaner!
Thank you!
The Students’ Union
10 . Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?
In 1969,the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio. It
But the river wasn’t changed in a few days
Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit
While there are
