4 . According to the majority of Americans, women are every bit as capable of being good political leaders as men. The same can be said of their ability to dominate the corporate boardroom. And according to a new Pew Research Center survey on women and leadership, most Americans find women indistinguishable from men on key leadership traits such as intelligence and capacity for innovation, with many saying they're stronger than men in terms of being passionate and organized leaders.

So why, then, are women in short supply at the top of government and business in the United States? According to the public, at least, it’s not that they lack toughness, management talent or proper skill sets.

It’s also not all about work-life balance. Although economic research and previous survey findings have shown that career interruptions related to motherhood may make it harder for women to advance in their careers and compete for top executive jobs, relatively few adults in the recent survey point to this as a key barrier for women seeking leadership roles. Only about one-in-five say women's family responsibilities are a major reason why there aren't more females in top leadership positions in business and politics.

Instead, topping the list of reasons, about four-in-ten Americans point to a double standard for women seeking to climb to die highest levels of either politics or business, where they have to do more than their male counterparts to prove themselves. Similar shares say the electorate (选民) and American companies are just not ready to put more women in top leadership positions.

As a result, the public is divided about whether the imbalance in American companies will change in the foreseeable future, even though women have made major advances in the workplace. While 53% believe men will continue to hold more top executive positions in business in the future, 44% say it’s only a matter of time before as many women are in top executive positions as men. Americans are less doubtful when it comes to politics: 73% expect to see a female president in their lifetime.

1. What do most Americans think of women leaders according to a new Pew Research Center survey?

A．They have to do more to distinguish themselves.

B．They have to strive harder to win their positions.

C．They are stronger than men in terms of willpower.

D．They are just as intelligent and innovative as men.

2. What do we learn from previous survey findings about women seeking leadership roles?

A．They have unconquerable difficulties on their way to success.

B．They are lacking in confidence when competing with men.

C．Their failures may have something to do with family duties.

D．Relatively few are hindered in their career advancement.

3. What does the passage say about American companies in the near future?

A．More and more women v/ill sit in the boardroom.

B．Gender imbalance in leadership is likely to change.

C．The public is undecided about whether women will make good leaders.

D．People have opposing opinions as to whether they will have more women leaders.

4. What do most Americans expect to see soon on America's political stage?

A．A woman in the highest position of government.

B．More and more women actively engaged in politics.

C．A majority of women voting for a female president.

D．As many women in top government positions as men.

6 .

Who we need

We are looking for talented and passionate people to work for health. WHO is committed to achieving workforce variety, aiming to achieve a broad representation of nationals of our member countries. Particular attention is paid to candidates from developing countries and gender balance. Selection of staff is made on a competitive basis. All posts are filled in accordance with WHOs ability model.

There are two key categories of staff at WHO：professionals(P) or directors(D) who are internationally recruited(招募) and general(G) or national professional(NPO) staff who are recruited locally for both fixed or short-term positions. We also run internship(实习) and opportunities for junior professional officers(JPOs).

Internationally recruited(Por D) Professional staff and directors are hired internationally and occupy leadership functions or positions that require a significant level of technical expertise. P or D staff are mobile and are expected to work across the globe.	Locally recruited(G or NPO) General Service staff are hired locally at the respective duty station. Their main role is to work with and support internationally recruited staff in their roles and to assure the smooth functioning of all administrative matters. National Professional Officers are nationals of the country in which they serve and perform functions of a professional nature requiring local knowledge, professional knowledge and experience.	Internships We offer internships for current students with educational background in public health, management or administration fields.
Junior professional officer programme The Junior Professional Officer(JPO) Programme provides young professionals at an early stage in their career with practical experience in international technical co-operation. JPOs are sponsored by their respective governments.	Recruitment restrictions Please note the following restrictions on recruitment： Relatives of WHO Staff: Except where another equally well qualified person cannot be recruited, appointment shall not be granted to a person who bears any of the following relationships to a staff member: father, mother, son, daughter, brother or sister. Candidates under the age of 20 and above the age of 62 will not be considered for any vacancy. Policy on Non-Recruitment of Smokers: WHO has a smoke-free environment and does not recruit smokers or other tobacco users who do not indicate a willingness to stop smoking. This policy underscores the Organization’s commitment to promoting a tobacco-free environment.

1. The above webpage aims at ________.

A．recruiting volunteers for WHO	B．achieving a broad representation of nationals
C．explaining the functions of WHO	D．providing information about WHO positions

2. What kind of applicants will definitely be turned down according to the restrictions?

A．Males in their later 60s.	B．People who have health problems.
C．Children of WHO staff.	D．Candidates with a smoking history.

3. What can be learned from the webpage?

A．General Service staff are recruited all around the world.

B．Junior Professional Officers work for local governments.

C．Current students majoring in engineering can apply for internships.

D．Professionals and directors are an internationally mobile workforce.

7 . Private Butler (管家)

Typical salary: £60,000 to £90,000, or more. "An entry level butler we’ve trained will walk into a salary of £35,000, while a very experienced private butler can earn up to £150,000," says Sara Vestin, director of the British Butler Academy.

The job: A private butler can be called on by his or her employer to do anything from wardrobe management to chauffeuring to pet care. Typical duties include managing other staff, serving at every meal, running errands, looking after guests, booking restaurants, house security, housekeeping, cooking and anything else the household needs. But most of all, it’s personal service, tailored to the very wealthy individual the butler works for.

Qualifications: No special qualifications are required, but it’s advisable to do a course at a training college such as Vestin’s British Butler Academy or the British Butler Institute. "Recruitment consultants and VIP clients come to our mansion to scout out the good students." Vestin says.

To succeed as a butler, you need…a ‘service mind’, says Vestin. You must have the mindset of someone who genuinely thrives on looking after others. "You cannot do the job without this, even if you were an amazing actor. Some people have it and some don’t." Also, she says, it’s essential to have an eye for detail, a steady hand and the ability to deal with all sorts of people.

Worst thing about the job: Long hours and an unpredictable work schedule mean it’s difficult to have a family life. Butlers also suffer from isolation and cultural differences with their employer and they may be obliged to work for people who aren’t always nice.

1. Which of the following is true of a butler?

A．A course at a training college is a must in order to get the job.

B．A butler should be able to tailor his service to his clients.

C．Male butlers are favored over female ones.

D．There is no ceiling of salary.

2. The underlined word “thrives on” in the passage probably means _______.

A．is reminded of.

B．is capable of.

C．is convinced of.

D．is in favour of.

3. Which is not the downside of being a butler?

A．Cultural misunderstanding may arise.

B．The job may make one’s family life difficult.

C．Sometimes they have to work for impolite clients.

D．They may enjoy the company of his or her clients.

8 . Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities.     1    

Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate.     2    

People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”).     3     People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. Having followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year, they have found that one of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. This result may lead to practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.

    4     It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.

A．Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.

B．To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

C．When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future.

D．So it is of great importance to study volunteer behaviors and how to organize volunteer activities.

E．To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

F．These results also suggest that continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.

9 . Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Yold

The year 2020 marks the beginning of the decade of the yold, or the “young old”, as the Japanese call people aged between 65 and 75. By continuing to work and staying socially engaged, the boomers, in their new appearance as the young old, will change the world.

The yold are more numerous, healthier and wealthier than previous generations of seniors.

    1    Of the 3.7 years of increased life expectancy in rich countries between 2000 and 2015, says the WHO, 3.2 years were enjoyed in good health. Working is one of the factors that are helping people stay healthy longer. A German study found that people who remain at work after the normal retirement age manage to slow the cognitive (认知的) decline. The yold are also better off, while the wealth of all other age groups declined.

The yold are challenging the traditional expectations of the retired in many aspects. They won’t wear indoor shoes and look after the grandchildren.     2    They also spend much more, when taking a foreign holiday, than younger adults, so they are vital to the tourism industry. And, because of the importance of pensions, the yold are transforming insurance companies from passive distributors of fixed annuities(年金) to financial service providers for customers who want to manage their pension pots more actively.

    3     Societies should be better off because public spending on health and pensions should be lower than expected, as people work longer and need less medical care.

Today, some big things will have to change, under pressure from the yold themselves. The most important is public attitudes towards older people and in particular the expectation that 60-somethings ought to quietly retire into the background.     4    The yold will demand that companies become more age-friendly and, in the process, help change attitudes towards aging itself.

A．Healthy yold people will require great changes in health spending.

B．They become one of the fastest growing groups for airline businesses.

C．The rise of the yold will definitely be a blessing to both culture and economy.

D．Health worsens with age, but the yold are resisting the decline better than most.

E．Many companies treat older workers unfairly by offering training only to younger ones.

F．Bosses may think productivity falls with age, but studies in Germany suggest things different.

10 . Directions: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

The worst time to look for a job is when you feel desperate and must have a new one immediately.     1    If you are not in need of an immediate career change, here are ways you can improve your long-term career prospects today:

Identify at least two different roles. You do not have to be qualified for these positions today, nor do they have to exist in your company. However, these roles should be related to your current skill set. They are career options that look interesting.     2    Pay close attention to what appeals to you, and write it down. This will give insight into your motivations and targets.

Subscribe to a career specific magazine. Knowledge is power in the workplace. All businesses must stay relevant to their customers in order to win the competitions and increase revenue (收益). Reading about industry trends, advancements and success stories keeps you in touch with market conditions. This information allows you to see which companies and professionals are leading the pack. You can follow their examples in your own workplace.

    3    

Do exceptional work. In any role, there is a way to perform at your best. Look for ways to deliver a top performance. Show up early, be flexible to new assignments, have a positive attitude, cooperate with other departments, pay attention to the little details.

Be professionally curious. Talk to people about their careers. Learn more about how success is measured in other roles, departments and companies. Ask people their thoughts on different industries.     4    People hire people. You never know what connections may be relevant when you start your next job search, so develop a habit of making good connections no matter where you go. Take the time to learn about others, and be helpful when you can.

As in all things in life, getting in front of a difficult task early is always less stressful than reacting to a career surprise. Changing jobs is to be expected. No matter how secure you feel today, the time will come when either you or your employer decide it is time to change.

A．If you associate with distinguished people, you are likely to find yourself with better opportunities.

B．Challenge yourself to expand your business knowledge through interactions with people at regular time.

C．In addition, the chances, if any, are low that you can find a satisfactory job in an economic situation like this.

D．Once you have a couple of targets, think about why and what interests you.

E．That is to say, the people you keep company with determine your character development.

F．Job searching under pressure often results in nervous interviewing and decision-making from relatively few options.