1 . Most people have no idea what to do with their old drugs. Unused or expired(到期的) medicines lying around at home can get into the wrong hands, leading to accidental poisoning or drug overdose. When drugs are flushed or sent to landfill(垃圾场), the medicines can pollute our groundwater, rivers, and streams, threatening human and sea life.
In an effort to find a solution for drugs kept in medicine boxes or waterways, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration launched its first National Take-Back Day in September 2010. In the drug take-back program, the returned drugs are sent to medical waste incinerators(焚烧炉). However, the process of transporting and burning such waste can release greenhouse gas emissions that could be potentially greater than those generated if the drugs were poured into landfills.
“But take-back programs are preferred as they reduce the risk of drug misuse and the incineration effectively eliminates the entrance of these medicines into our nation’s waters,” says Tim Carroll, a spokesperson for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Perhaps surprisingly, not all unused medicines need to be thrown away. Every year five billion dollars’ worth of unexpired medicines end up being deserted in the U.S. “We’re wasting a lot of medicines which are already paid for,” says Anandi Law, a patient engagement specialist. “Millions of U.S. adults skip or delay getting their prescriptions(处方) filled due to high costs. We could give them to somebody else who needs it.”
Now, at least 40 states have passed legislation establishing drug donation(捐赠) programs that allow drug manufacturers, medical and long-term care facilities, and sometimes individuals to donate their unused drugs. For example, since its start in 2007, Iowa’s program, SafeNetRx, has served more than 117,000 patients and redistributed nearly 54-million-dollar worth of medicines and supplies. Georgia’s program was formally launched in 2018, and it has already filled prescriptions worth over 50 million dollars.
“All of these efforts are still relatively new,” Carroll says. “We still have a long way to go until households change their habits.”
1. What disadvantage of the drug take-back program is mentioned in paragraph 2?| A．It costs large amounts of money. |
| B．It increases the greenhouse effect. |
| C．It can produce poisonous chemicals. |
| D．It wastes lots of energy to deal with old drugs. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Indifferent. | C．Cautious. | D．Negative. |
| A．Sending them to landfills. |
| B．Selling them at a low price. |
| C．Donating them to someone in need. |
| D．Developing technologies to recycle them. |
| A．The challenging task of SafeNetRx. |
| B．The expense of recycling unused drugs. |
| C．The significance of health care facilities. |
| D．The achievements of drug donation programs. |
Hospitals haven’t always been clean and quiet places. Long ago they were dirty and crowded. Nurses were never taught
Florence was born in 1820. As a child, she often went with her mother
Her chance came in 1854 when Britain went to war with Russia. Florence
After the war, Florence opened a school to teach nurses to look after their patients
3 . For thousands of years, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used across China and Southeast Asia. Its practices have developed over time and now, scientists are giving it a high-tech update.
Developed by Singaporean company AiTreat, “EMMA”is a robot masseuse（女按摩师) designed to give Tui Na, a type of TCM bodywork similar to a deep tissue massage (深层组织按摩)，a 21st-century makeover. Using sensors and 3D vision to measure muscle stiffness (僵硬)，EMMA (which stands for “Expert Manipulative Massage Automation”) identifies pressure points and gives massages to patients to help offer pain relief and relaxation. AiTreat founder and CEO Albert Zhang hopes that EMMA can create low-cost massage treatments that can be part of the growing attraction of preventative medicine.
In 2015, Zhang founded AiTreat. A trained TCM physician, Zhang has firsthand experience treating patients.
Patients lying on the table might not even notice the difference between EMMA and a real-life masseuse -but Zhang doesn't want robots to replace masseuses. Instead, he says that they can help by taking away the back-breaking work masseuses do every day, and enable them to “focus on the 10% highly skilled part,” which can increase their productivity and income while reducing the cost for patients. “One physician can only see one patient at a time,but with EMMA, the physician can control two robots and see up to four patients at the same time,” he says.
While TCM practitioners accept years of training, EMMA’s AI system has been trained with thousands of “data points”-bodies of different shapes, sizes and ethnicities-to find the acupoints (穴位) in each individual, says Zhang.
Currently, Zhang says 11 robots are working at eight different clinics (诊所)in Singapore, with plans to send them overseas. “We are seeing great responses from practitioners in the US and China,” he adds.
1. What do we know about EMMA?| A．It is developed by a Chinese company. |
| B．It has become part of preventative medicine. |
| C．It can comfort patients by massaging them. |
| D．It needs to locate the stiffness with the help of doctors. |
| A．It is more reliable than a real masseuse. |
| B．It can work on highly skilled parts. |
| C．It is softer than a real masseuse. |
| D．It is highly effective. |
| A．Worried. | B．Confident. | C．Uncaring | D．Thankful. |
| A．Tui Na massage by a robot masseuse |
| B．TCM being accepted by more patients |
| C．Humans losing job opportunities due to AI robots |
| D．Battle between EMMA and the human masseuse |
4 . CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术) and first aid are related topics. It could be said that first aid is the more general of the two, and training in first aid might include instructions and practice on how to respond to a variety of medical emergencies that could be causing danger to life or to a part of a person’s body. One such medical emergency could be the stopping of breathing or heartbeat, and the right response, in this case, might be to perform CPR. Thus, CPR can be seen as a type of first-aid response.
There can be differences in the amount of first-aid training people learn, and courses can sometimes be broken down into emergency and standard training. Standard training is actually the more extensive of the two, and would include teaching and learning how to handle a variety of medical situations like bites from insects or animals, broken bones, poisoning, childbirth, and care of wounds. Emergency first aid tends to be limited to the teaching of CPR, how to handle choking emergencies, and instructions on wound care for heavy bleeding.
CPR and first aid may be taught together or are sometimes taken as separate courses. People may need a whole day of practice or longer before getting CPR certification, which should be obtained from recognized agencies like the Red Cross. The big difference between CPR and first aid, in terms of taking classes, is that CPR focuses only on learning to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation and recognize those situations as soon as possible in which it should be performed, while first-aid classes may teach this too, but they will teach in the broader context of how people need to respond to lots of different injuries or illness.
The issue of CPR and first aid may get confusing when people are asked to get training in one or both of these. Some people may be asked to take a first-aid course and have CPR training. Those who need more extensive training in standard first aid certainly won’t satisfy this need by only taking a CPR course. Those confused about what training they need should get this issue clear with the person (usually an employer) requesting the training.
Being able to respond first in a medical emergency usually means needing to know CPR, but other knowledge could be just as necessary. For instance, how to stop uncontrollable bleeding or how to handle an episode of anaphylactic shock (过敏性休克) could be vital too.
1. What is the purpose of performing CPR?| A．To be qualified as a first-aid trainer. | B．To make a person’s heart start beating again. |
| C．To deal with all the medical emergencies. | D．To gain practical knowledge of first aid. |
| A．CPR works faster when someone breaks his leg. |
| B．CPR includes most courses of emergency training. |
| C．Emergency first aid is more useful than CPR. |
| D．Standard training deals with more medical cases. |
| A．When practicing a whole day in Red Cross. |
| B．After saving someone with CPR. |
| C．After finishing the CPR training. |
| D．When getting instructions from recognized agencies. |
| A．A book review. | B．An academic report. |
| C．A health magazine. | D．A maths exam paper. |
5 . A patient of mine, a bright young man, had quit college. Living with his parents, he was considering suicide (自杀) besides playing video games from day to night. Twenty years ago, I would have prescribed an antidepressant (抗抑郁药), while today, I recommended something different to him: a dopamine fast (多巴胺戒断). I suggested he give up all screens, including video games, for one month.
When people do something they enjoy, the brain releases a little bit of dopamine and they feel good. But one of the most important discoveries in the field of neuroscience in the past 75 years is that pleasure and pain are processed in the same parts of the brain and that the brain tries hard to keep them in balance. Whenever it tips in one direction it will try hard to restore the balance, according to neuroscientists, by tipping in the other.
Instantly dopamine is released, the brain adapts to it by reducing the number of dopamine receptors (受体), causing the brain to level out by tipping to the side of pain, which is why pleasure is usually followed by feeling low-spirited. Our brains evolved this balance over millions of years when pleasures were limited and dangers ever-present. The problem today is that we no longer live in that world but a world of overwhelming abundance. Yet increased access to addictive substances or activities has made us more miserable than ever before. Rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide are increasing all over the world, especially in rich nations.
It’s only after we’ve taken a break from the addiction that we’re able to see the true impact of our consumption on our lives. That’s why I asked my patient to give up video games for a month, enough time to allow his brain to reset its dopamine balance. If we can keep reducing phone use long enough, the benefits of a healthier dopamine balance deserve it.
1. What is the discovery in paragraph 2 about?| A．The function of dopamine. |
| B．The disadvantages of playing videogames. |
| C．The psychological problems in rich countries. |
| D．The brain’s ability to balance pleasure and pain. |
| A．Rich nations have more suicide cases than poor ones. |
| B．Dopamine is released when people are down. |
| C．More depression occurs in the modern world. |
| D．People have less access to pleasures today than in the past. |
| A．To rid him of the bad habit of consumption. | B．To help him regain the dopamine balance. |
| C．To prevent killing himself again. | D．To guide him to the true meaning of life. |
| A．He thinks medicine is useless. | B．He acts as a social worker. |
| C．He suffers from phone addiction. | D．He specializes in treating mental illnesses. |
6 . How to Properly Recover from a Bad Sports Injury
Each sports activity has its risks and can eventually lead to different types of injuries. Whether you are a professional athlete or just a passionate sportsperson, a sports injury is never good news. However,
1. Get a Diagnosis
After the incident, be sure to establish how serious the situation is. It is important to make a difference between being hurt and being injured.
2. Understand What Caused the Injury
3.
Take the medical advice and work with your doctor on your recovery. Depending on the type of the injury, go to the physical treatment, do prescribed exercises under medical management, or try some alternative methods like a chiropractic treatment. In one word, do everything you’re told in order to speed up your recovery and prevent potential worsening.
4. Get Enough Energy
Make sure you eat healthy, avoiding foods and drinks with excessive amounts of sugar, alcohol, and white flour.
Hopefully these tips will help you recover from any future sports injury.
| A．Take More Exercise |
| B．Seek Professional Help |
| C．there really is a good side to everything |
| D．it shouldn’t be a reason for losing heart either |
| E．Stick to truly nutritious food, minimizing the intake of junk food |
| F．Pain will be of major help in establishing the severity of the injury |
| G．It is really important to analyze the situation and establish the cause of the injury |
7 . I’ve had private health insurance my entire life. My parents were advocates of it and insisted I maintain my insurance after I left home. To be honest, I’d never really thought about it until I married and started a family of my own.
Pregnant with our first child, health insurance afforded me the doctor of my choice and a private room in the hospital of my choice. Many of my friends chose the public system and, although discharged from hospital (出院) much earlier, were provided daily home visits from a midwife (助产士) in the days following birth.
I’m happy to say all our babies were delivered safe and healthy. And while I have no regrets about “going private”, it wasn’t cheap despite my health insurance. My friends, on the other hand, paid nothing.
It wasn’t until my children turned one year old that I began to question whether health insurance was worth the monthly expense.
On the few occasions when the kids needed emergency care, we were referred to a new public hospital nearby and received first-class treatment. At that point we began to wonder if the money we were spending on private health cover could be better used elsewhere. Before I cancelled our insurance, though, I was diagnosed with cancer and that changed everything.
Thanks to my health insurance, the time between diagnosis and my first surgery was less than a week. I could recover in my own hospital room and know the team of specialists who were caring for me would be the same throughout my journey. Ten years later, they still are.
Other cancer survivors I’ve befriended along the way went public with their treatment and have no regrets either, which leads me to this conclusion: there’s no right or wrong when it comes to health insurance. I’ve kept it all these years because I like having peace of mind that my family will receive the treatment they need, when they need it. There are pros and cons for both, and only you can decide what best suits your situation.
1. What did the author think of private health insurance before her marriage?| A．It wasn’t cheap. | B．It was far from enough. |
| C．It didn’t affect her much. | D．It indeed gave her peace of mind. |
| A．They had harder deliveries. | B．They spent less time in hospital. |
| C．They had weekly home visits from a midwife | D．They were not well cared for after childbirth. |
| A．Get money to cover medical expenses. | B．Maintain her private health insurance. |
| C．Use her insurance money somewhere else. | D．Do something to change the public system. |
| A．Choose your best fit. | B．Buy private insurance if you can. |
| C．Keep both public and private insurance. | D．Spend money carefully when it comes to insurance. |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
The other day, I discover I couldn’t move my right arm and fingers after sleeping through a flight. Having diagnosed me with neural injury, the doctor suggested I could try acupuncture (针灸). So I followed his advices and began my treatment. Dozens tiny needles were inserted across my arm and fingers. I dared not move, because even a small change of position could cause a acute pain. Two weeks went by after I could eat a meal with chopsticks and it took a month for my arm and fingers to return back to their normal functions. I was very amazing at how magic these needles were. That I had always considered old-fashioned and useless turned out to be of great use. I hope acupuncture, with its help I recovered, will continue to bring health to other people.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a health care system in which patients
According to the World Health Organization, nearly 80 percent of the world's population depends for its primary health care needs
Increasingly, however, modern medicines also contain substances from animals and plants. Given growing populations, increasing wealth, and the spreading
10 . People
But hospital were not always
| A．they | B．all | C．that | D．those |
| A．thank | B．thankful | C．like | D．glad |
| A．there | B．by there | C．in there | D．for there |
| A．With | B．By | C．Without | D．In |
| A．and | B．for | C．to | D．over |
| A．each other | B．themselves | C．the sick | D．everyone |
| A．but | B．and | C．also | D．though |
| A．that | B．one thing | C．what | D．which |
| A．and | B．to | C．but | D．so |
| A．for | B．as | C．with | D．like |
| A．ago | B．before | C．later | D．then |
| A．had | B．would | C．could | D．were |
| A．who named | B．whose name | C．by the name | D．named |
| A．and | B．who | C．then | D．also |
| A．interest | B．interesting | C．interested | D．interestingly |
| A．do | B．make | C．work | D．act |
| A．job | B．interest | C．need | D．power |
| A．got | B．made | C．took | D．set |
| A．nurses | B．patients | C．doctors | D．people |
| A．happiest | B．best | C．poorest | D．hardest |
