1 . While many people aren’t getting enough calcium (钙), new research cautions that some people may have the opposite problem: they could be getting too much. Americans spend more than $1 billion a year on calcium supplements in hopes of delaying osteoporosis, a kind of bone disease that disables many elderly women and some men. Yet recent studies link calcium supplements to a higher risk of heart attacks. Last month, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued a draft recommendation against taking calcium and vitamin D，saying there wasn’t enough evidence of benefit to justify the risk.
For generations of Americans who grew up encouraged to drink milk to maintain strong bones, the reports raised troubling questions: Is calcium not so important after all? Are the supplements unsafe? And how much is too much? “It’s gotten very confusing but it doesn’t need to be,” says Ethel Siris, director of the Toni Stabile Osteoporosis Center in New York. How much calcium people need varies by age and gender. “Adults generally need 1,000 mg daily, rising to 1,200 mg for women over 50 and men over 70, according to guidelines issued in 2010. Children need 1,300 mg daily during the peak growing years of 9 to 18.”
People also need sufficient levels of vitamin D to absorb the calcium. The IOM recommends 600 international units a day for most adults, and 800 daily after age 70，although many physicians recommend more. It is difficult to take in that much vitamin D from food sources, so experts say many people should take vitamin D in supplement form.
Getting adequate calcium from food is easier. For example, 8 ounces of milk or 6 ounces of yogurt has 300 mg of calcium, and one cup of spinach has 270 mg.
But studies linking calcium supplements to heart attack have made experts more cautious of excess calcium than before. A study of 24,000 Germans published in the journal Heart last month, found that those who got their calcium exclusively from supplements were more than twice as likely to have a heart attack as those who took no supplements.
Exactly how calcium supplements might contribute to heart attacks baffles experts. “Nobody has associated the calcium in your bloodstream with calcification(钙化)in your arteries(动脉),” says Nieca Goldberg, medical director of the Joan H. Tisch Center. Still, she says she now urges patients get their recommended calcium from food rather than from supplements to avoid possible problems.
Osteoporosis experts also urge patients not to take more than the recommended amount of calcium. “People should definitely stop taking two big calcium supplements a day,” says Dr. Dawson-Hughes. Even if the risks remain unclear, taking more than the body can absorb doesn’t benefit bones,” so it’s not worth any risk.” She adds.
1. According to the new studies, what might be the result of taking much calcium?| A．Delaying aging. | B．Building muscles. |
| C．Causing heart problems. | D．Curing bone diseases. |
| A．Taking calcium supplements is unsafe. |
| B．Adults need more calcium than children. |
| C．It is much safer to take calcium from food. |
| D．Age and gender determine the amount of calcium taken. |
| A．Interest. | B．Puzzle. |
| C．Amaze. | D．Frighten. |
| A．It is helpful to take two calcium supplements a day. |
| B．It is important to maintain strong bones for women. |
| C．It is unnecessary to take too much calcium supplement. |
| D．It is best to take calcium and vitamin D from supplement. |
A key question is obviously how close to the original the film is. Since a typical film is only around two hours long, it becomes a question for screenwriters to decide
The Great Wall
4 . Can you move 11 minutes a day? You’ll live longer if you do
There is no denying that 2020 has reduced activity levels. Between the Zoom meetings, Netflix binges and virtual cocktail hours, increased sitting is a pandemic-driven reality for many.
Taking a more objective approach, scientists at the Norwegian School of Sports Medicine based their research on the use of activity monitors to track exercise versus sedentary time. The results showed that participants who exercised 35 minutes per day saw the biggest statistical difference on life span. Yet just 11 minutes of moderate exercise — equivalent to a brisk walk — still had a noticeable positive impact.
Here is a way to consider—4 sets of a 3-minute body-weight exercise sequence. Depending on the exercises you use, you may go at a slightly different pace during each round, making it about 11 minutes. When selecting your exercises, try to pick a sequence of movements that will equate to a full-body workout of moderate effort.
See how easy it is to fit in 11 minutes of daily exercise? You can do it.
| A．In fact, you owe it to yourself after getting through this past year. |
| B．And studies have revealed the great health risks of prolonged sitting. |
| C．The simplest way is with a walk outside or on the treadmill at your local gym. |
| D．A lower barrier makes it easier to get even the most inactive among us moving. |
| E．You might wonder about the hour-per-day measurement you've been hearing about for years. |
| F．What's more, both time frames were positively impactful, regardless of the amount of sitting. |
| G．Avoid doing only upper-body movements unless you do lower-body movements the next day. |
5 . Neurotech—new, potentially revolutionary technology—promises to transform our lives. With all the global challenges of today, we need revolutionary technology to help the world cope.
There are different types of neurotech—some is invasive, some isn’t. Invasive brain-computer interfaces involve placing microelectrodes or other kinds of neurotech materials directly onto the brain or even embedding them into the neural tissue. Such technology has already improved the quality of life and abilities of people with different illnesses or impairments, from epilepsy to Parkinson’s Disease to chronic pain. There is also noninvasive neurotech that can be used for similar applications. For example, researchers have developed wearables to infer a person’s intended speech or movement. These are already quite impressive, but there is also neurotech that really pushes the envelope. Not only can it sense or read neurodata but it can also modulate—invasively and noninvasively. This research is still in early stages, but it’s advancing rapidly.
As neurotech becomes more commonplace, we must consider the risks it might present, the morals around it, and the necessary regulation. We have to anticipate and deal with the implications related to the development and use of this technology. Any neurotech applications should consider potential consequences for the autonomy, privacy, responsibility, consent, integrity and dignity of a person.
What if someone were to face employment discrimination because the algorithms（算法） that power a neurotech application used for hiring misinterpret his or her neurodata? What if a criminal gets a hold of the previous or current neurodata of the secretary of defense and steals top secret information? Concerns increase when we are not just monitoring someone’s neurodata but also interpreting it, decoding the person’s thoughts—with implications for accuracy and mental privacy.
One tricky aspect is that most of the neurodata generated by the nervous systems is unconscious. It means it is very possible to unknowingly or unintentionally provide neurotech with information that one otherwise wouldn’t. So, in some applications of neurotech, the presumption of privacy within one’s own mind may simply no longer be a certainty.
As new, emerging technology, neurotech challenges corporations, researchers and individuals to reaffirm our commitment to responsible innovation, it’s essential to enforce guardrails so that they lead to beneficial long-term outcomes—on company, national and international levels. We need to ensure that researchers and manufacturers of neurotech as well as policymakers and consumers approach it responsibly. Let’s act now to avoid any future risks as neurotech matures—for the benefit of humanity.
1. The first two paragraphs mainly ________.| A．state the quality of neurotech | B．stress the necessity of neurotech |
| C．compare the functions of neurotech | D．present the technology of neurotech |
| A．Noninvasive neurotech is much better than invasive one. |
| B．Messages within one’s mind can be safer with neurotech. |
| C．It brings more risks to privacy to have neurodata anyalyzed. |
| D．Proper rules have already been made to deal with neurodata. |
| A．interpret all neurodata to improve accuracy |
| B．use neurotechnology in a responsible way |
| C．help develop more noninvasive applications |
| D．avoid neurotech for the benefit of mankind |
| A．Neurotech Has Long-term Benefits |
| B．Neurotech Meet Moral Challenges |
| C．Neurotech Transform Human lives |
| D．Neurotech Become Commonplace |
6 . My first year living in Los Angeles, I was a birthday-party clown. I struggled a lot with my identity because, though I viewed myself as a filmmaker, everyone in my life viewed me as this ridiculous day job.
Once I was told, “Tomorrow you’re going to be Batman.” Now, keep in mind that at the time I had a giant mustache. I know a clown with a mustache is a huge red flag for parents. But I hadn’t wanted to alter my physical appearance for that job, because that would have been me subconsciously admitting I was more of a clown than an artist.
The next day, I went to the party in a huge public park, and I left my car parked far enough away so that the kids couldn’t see Batman pulling up in a PT Cruiser. Walking to the party, I started to regret my choice not to shave. “Gosh, this party is not going to go well.” Sure enough, once I got close enough for them to actually start making out the features of my face, the entire party broke out in laughter. I was so embarrassed that I wanted to turn around and run back to my Batmobile. But then the laughter kind of changed into cheering and applause. Feeling kind of warm and fuzzy inside, I wondered, “Is this what encouragement and support feel like? It’s so new.”
Then I decided to make an entrance for these kids. I was still about 20 yards away from the party when I started running. My cape was billowing in the wind, and mustache or not, in that moment, I was Batman. I ran into the party, and the kids were all high-fiving me. The dad was saying, “I told you, son. I told you Batman has a mustache.” Then he took me over to this huge birthday cake with a frosting Batman drawn on it, and the Batman has a mustache. I just stared at it in disbelief and learnt that instead of just admitting that the cake was messed up, the parents said, “Batman has a mustache. He just shaves it for his movies.”
That year, I struggled a lot with my identity; was I a filmmaker, or was I a clown? But that day, at least, there was no doubt in my mind what I was. I may not have been the hero that they ordered, and I certainly was not the hero they expected. But that day, I was the hero that they needed.
1. Why did “I” keep my mustache?| A．I struggled a lot for being a filmmaker. |
| B．I wanted to be a Batman in a birthday party. |
| C．I knew that a clown should wear a mustache. |
| D．I hadn’t wanted to change my appearance for the job. |
| A．I ran fast. | B．I high-fived. |
| C．I drove the car. | D．I walked slowly. |
| A．Satisfied. | B．Astonished. |
| C．Disappointed. | D．Ashamed. |
Pixar is one of the world’s most famous and successful film
8 . Anna was a 9-year-old girl from a small village. She attended primary school till 4th grade at her village. For the 5th grade onwards, she would have to get an admission(入学) in a school at a city nearby. She got very
When the bus reached her school, all students started going to their classes. Anna also made it to her classroom. Upon seeing her
Then she told everyone to write down the Seven Wonders of the world. Everyone started writing the answer quickly. But Anna started to write the answer
When everyone except Anna had presented their answer paper, the teacher asked Anna, “What happened, dear? Don’t
Anna replied, “There are many things. Which seven can I pick to write?” And then she handed her answer paper to the teacher. The teacher started reading everyone’s answers and the majority had answered them
The teacher was happy as students had
The teacher stood
| A．anxious | B．happy | C．afraid | D．calm |
| A．quickly | B．easily | C．lazily | D．patiently |
| A．simple | B．clean | C．lovely | D．expensive |
| A．pushed | B．followed | C．turned | D．introduced |
| A．slowly | B．actively | C．cheerfully | D．politely |
| A．cry | B．forget | C．write | D．worry |
| A．neatly | B．correctly | C．briefly | D．proudly |
| A．shared | B．expanded | C．missed | D．remembered |
| A．satisfied | B．disappointed | C．shocked | D．frightened |
| A．talent | B．reward | C．wonder | D．challenge |
9 . The COVID-19 pandemic has spread far and wide. Because of this, countries around the world have implemented containment measures(实施遏制措施) to help stop the virus in its tracks. As more and more people stay inside to stay safe, the outside world seems to have become much quieter. In fact, scientists have seen this change in their research, too.
Seismologists—scientists who study earthquakes— have heard less seismic noise recently. Seismic noise is made from vibrations in the ground that are caused by things like ocean waves and human activity, such as construction work and traffic. This noise makes it difficult for scientists to pick up seismic activity that is made at the same frequency.
Thomas Lecocq, a scientist at the Royal Observatory of Belgium, located in Brussels, was the first to notice this phenomenon.
According to Lecocq, the amount of seismic noise in Brussels has been reduced by about 30 to 50 percent since mid-March. Interestingly enough, this is around the same time Belgium started its containment measures.
Because of this reduction in background noise, scientists like Lecocq have been able to pick up on smaller earthquakes that some seismic stations—like the one in Brussels—wouldn’t have been able to before.
This phenomenon isn’t unique to Brussels, though. Once Lecocq shared his findings online, seismologists from all over the world echoed similar findings.
Celeste Labedz, a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, mentioned in a tweet that Los Angeles also experienced less background noise.
Researchers from the UK, France and New Zealand also noted a decrease in background noise since containment measures were put in place.
These global efforts to contain the COVID-19 virus have helped to shed light on seismic activity that may have gone unnoticed. It also shows that people are listening to health officials and following lockdown guidelines.
“From the seismological point of view, we can motivate people to say, ‘You feel like you’re alone at home, but we can tell you that everyone is home. … Everyone is respecting the rules.’ Lecocq told CNN.
1. What did seismologists find out recently?| A．More smaller earthquakes are likely to happen. |
| B．The amount of seismic noise has been reduced. |
| C．Seismic noise is caused by vibrations underground. |
| D．Reduced seismic vibration makes Earth quieter. |
| A．More data on smaller earthquakes is being collected. |
| B．More seismic noise is being picked up. |
| C．Scientists will shift their focus to smaller earthquakes. |
| D．Future big earthquakes can be more accurately predicted. |
| A．questioned | B．demanded | C．explored | D．repeated |
| A．human activities cause more seismic noise than ocean waves. |
| B．The drop in seismic noise is unique to Europe. |
| C．The phenomenon proved that people are following the lockdown rules. |
| D．Many seismologists wanted tighter restrictions for their research. |
10 . As online learning becomes more common and more and more resources are converted to digital form, some people have suggested that public libraries should be shut down and, in their places，everyone should be given an iPad with an e-reader subscription.
Supporters of this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries are expensive to maintain. They also believe it will encourage more people to read because they won't have to travel to a library to get a book; they can simply click on what they want to read and read it from wherever they are.
However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with tablets. First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than print resources. A study done on tablet vs book reading found people read 20-30% slower on tablets, retain 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to people who read the same information in print.
Second, it is incredibly narrow minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book lending. Libraries have a multitude of benefits, and many are only available if the library has a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, giving people a way to converse with their neighbors, holding classes on a variety of topics, providing jobs, answering patron questions, and keeping the community connected. A survey conducted in 2015 found that nearly two-thirds of American adults feel that closing their local library would have a major impact on their community. People see libraries as a way to connect with others and get their questions answered, benefits tablets can’t offer nearly as well or as easily.
While replacing libraries with tablets may seem like a simple solution, it would encourage people to spend even more time looking at digital screens, despite the various issues surrounding them. It would also end access to many of the benefits of libraries that people have come to rely on. In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community network that they could never be replaced by a simple object.
1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1and 2?| A．Public libraries have disappeared. | B．Public libraries are too expensive. |
| C．People can learn on line. | D．People can lean without teacher. |
| A．it’s inefficient for readers to read on tablets |
| B．the only service libraries offer is book lending |
| C．public libraries should be replaced with digital devices |
| D．digital books and resources encourage people to spend more time reading |
| A．persuade people to use libraries |
| B．emphasize the benefits of libraries |
| C．encourage communities to build more libraries |
| D．compare digital books and resources with real books |
I: Introduction CP: Central point P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion
A． | B． |
C． | D． |
