1 . Most people have been taught that losing weight is a matter of simple math. Cut calories — specifically 3,500 calories, and you’ll lose a pound. But as it turns out, experts are learning that this decades-old strategy is actually pretty misguided. “This idea of ‘a calorie in and a calorie out’ when it comes to weight loss is not only outdated, it’s just wrong,” says Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford, an obesity specialist at Harvard Medical School. The truth is that even careful calorie calculations don’t always yield (产生) uniform results.
How your body burns calories depend on a number of factors. Three factors affect how your body processes (加工、消耗) calories.
Your gut microbiome (肠道微生物). Trillions of organisms live in your gut, and the important types may influence how many calories your body absorbs from food. This may occur because some types of organisms are able to break down and use more calories from certain foods than other types of organisms. Researchers have found that people who are naturally thin have different types of organisms living inside them than those who are overweight.
Your metabolism (新陈代谢). Each body has a “set point” that governs weight, says Dr. Stanford. This set point reflects several factors, including your genes, your environment, and your behaviors. A region at the base of your brain stands guard to keep your body weight from dipping below that set point — which is not really a bonus if you’re trying to lose weight.
The type of food you eat. Your food choices may also influence your calorie intake, and not just because of their specific calorie content. One 2019 study published in Cell Metabolism found that eating processed foods seems to spur people to eat more calories compared with eating unprocessed foods.
If counting calories isn’t a dependable way to manage your weight, what can you do to shed extra pounds? Dr. Stanford recommends the following.
●Focus on diet quality. When planning your meals, focus on choosing unprocessed foods, including lean meats, whole grains, and lots of fruits and vegetables in their natural form.
●Exercise regularly. Aim to get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week. Moderate exercise is done at a level where you can talk, but not sing.
●Consult a professional. “A lot of people believe it’s a moral failing if they are unable to lose weight,” says Dr. Stanford. But it’s not. As with other medical conditions, many people will need help from a doctor. Successful weight loss may require more than just diet and exercise. “Only 2% of people who meet the criteria for the use of anti-obesity medications actually get them. This means that 98% of people who could be treated aren’t,” she says, “Don’t be afraid to seek help if you need it.”
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 1?| A．Calorie calculations always lead to good results. |
| B．Losing weight lies in losing calorie. |
| C．The old theory about losing weight is wrong. |
| D．If you cut 7,000 calories, you will lose 2 pounds. |
| A．focus on the quality of your diet |
| B．choose the types of food you consume |
| C．adjust your brain to the “set point” |
| D．reduce the organisms living in your gut |
| A．weigh | B．produce | C．lose | D．cost |
| A．a healthy lifestyle is key to weight loss |
| B．losing weight can be double-edged |
| C．healthy eating keeps you losing weight |
| D．cutting calories is essential for weight loss |
2 . The Teenage Brain
Parents, teachers, and others who deal closely with teenagers know how difficult the adolescent years can be. This was thought to be due to the “foolishness of youth.” Now, brain-imaging technology allows scientists to study the physical development of the brain in more details than ever before. Their discoveries have led a new theory of why teens act this way.
Recently, scientists have discovered that though our brains are almost at their full size by the age of six, they are far from fully developed. Only during adolescence do our brains truly “grow up”. During this time, they go through great changes, like a computer system being upgraded. This “upgrade” was once thought to be finished by about age 12. Now scientists have found that our brains continue to change until age 25. Such changes make us better at balancing impulses with following rules. But a still-developing brain does this clumsily. The result, scientists believe, is the unpredictable behavior seen in teenagers.
The studies show that teens are more likely to take risks. Luckily, the news isn’t all bad. As brain scientist B. J. Casey points out, the teen brain inspires such behavior in order to help teens prepare for adult life.
One way the brain does this is by changing the way teens measure risk and reward (回报).
Researchers have found that when teens think about rewards, their brains release more of the chemicals that create pleasure. Researchers believe this makes the rewards seem more important than the risks, and makes teens feel the excitement of new experience.
Research into the structure of the teen brain have also found that it makes social connection seem especially rewarding. As such, teens have a strong need to meet new people. Because it is still developing, a teen brain can change to deal with new situations. So it connects social rewards with even more pleasure. In this way, the brain encourages teens to have a wide circle of friends, which is believed to make them more successful in life.
Unluckily, this need for greater rewards can sometimes lead teens to make bad decisions. However, it also means that teens are more likely, and less afraid, to try new things or to be independent. And in the long run, the impulses of the teen brain are what help teens leave their parents’ care and live their own life successfully.
1. What can we know about our brains from paragraph 2?| A．They’re far from being their full size. |
| B．They have finishes upgrading by about age 12 |
| C．A teen brain can cause unexpected behaviors. |
| D．A ten brain is better than an adult brain at following role. |
| A．The fear of being alone. |
| B．The need to control others. |
| C．The desire to leave home sooner. |
| D．The excitement of new experiences. |
| A．parents’ care helps enlarge teens friend circle |
| B．teens’ extreme behaviors can benefit their adult life |
| C．the way the teen brain works makes risks less exciting |
| D．teens are less delighted than adults when getting prizes |
| A．describe how the teen brain grow up |
| B．compare teen brains with adult brains |
| C．introduce the brain imaging technology |
| D．explain why teens act in extreme ways |
3 . Wuthering Heights
Suddenly we heard the sound of a carriage in the courtyard. He went to the window and I hurried to the door to open it.
It was the two Lintons, Hindley Frances and Catherine. They all ran into the house and stood in front of the large fire in the sitting room to get warm.
I told Heathcliff to go and join them. He opened the kitchen door as Hindley was coming out of the sitting room. When Hindley saw him, he pushed him back into the kitchen saying Joseph! Keep him away from the sitting room.
Then he noticed Heathcliff’s nice clothes.
“Look at you!” he said sneering. “Who do you want to impress? Get out or I’ll pull your hair until it’s longer than it is now!”
“It’s long enough already,” observed Edgar Linton. He was standing at the siting room door. His hands over his eyes like a mane!
Edgar didn’t say this to insult Heathcliff but Heathcliff had a quick and violent temper. He suddenly picked up a pan of hot apple sauce and threw the contents in Edgar’s face. Edgar screamed. Hearing her brother’s cries, Isabella, followed by Catherine, came running out. Hindley grabbed Heathcliff by the arm, took him to his room and gave him a beating.
I didn’t have much sympathy for Edgar but I cleaned his face. His sister was crying and wanted to go home. Catherine was confused and embarrassed and didn’t say anything.
1. Hindley makes fun of Heathcliff because of________.| A．his appearance |
| B．his relationship with Isabella |
| C．his kindness |
| D．his bad cooking skill |
| A．selfish |
| B．friendly |
| C．aggressive |
| D．romantic |
| A．She loved him. |
| B．She did not care about him. |
| C．She was upset at him. |
| D．She felt sorry for him. |
1.介绍训练营的相关安排(如时间、内容等)；
2.邀请的原因。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.开头结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
The Power of Silence
Once a farmer lost his precious watch while working in his bar. It may have appeared as an ordinary watch to others, but held a deep sentimental value for it.
After searching high and low among the hay for a long time, the old farmer got exhausted. The tired farmer did not want to give up the search for his watch and requested a group of children playing outside the bar to help. He promised an attractive reward for the person who can find his beloved watch.
After hearing about the reward, the children hurried inside the barn and went through and round the entire stack of hay to find the watch. After a long time looking for a watch in the hay, some of the children got tired and gave up. The number of children looking for the watch slowly decreased and only a few tired children were left. The farmer gave up all his hope to find the watch and called off the search.
Just when the farmer was closing the door, a little boy came up to him and requested the farmer to give him another chance. The farmer did not want to miss any chance of finding the watch so let the little boy in the barn.
After a little while the little boy came out with the watch in his hand. The farmer was happily surprised and asked how the boy succeeded in getting the watch while everyone including him had failed.
The boy replied “just sat there tried listening to the ticking of the watch. In silence, it was much easier to listen to it and direct the search in the direction of the sound.”
The farmer was delighted to get the watch and rewarded the little boy as promised.
A peaceful mind can think better than a worked-up mind. Once in a while, allow a few minutes of silence to your mind. Sometimes all you need to do is relax and listen.
1. Why did the farmer request the children to help search for the watch?2. How did the boy find the watch?
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The farmer did not want to disappoint the boy, so he let the little boy in the barn search for the watch.
4. In addition to helping us think better, what do you think are some other benefits of having a peaceful mind? (about 40 words)
6 . The future belongs to the flexible mind. This is the argument behind best-selling author Leonard Mlodinow’s new book, Elastic.
Do we need to develop a flexible mind?
Times and surroundings we live in demand a flexible style of thinking. In politics, we now have to cope with more scandals in a single year than we used to encounter in a lifetime. Meanwhile, the speed and processing power of computers makes it difficult for us to navigate a landscape in which the number of websites has been doubling every two to three years.
Logical thought is an analysis that can be described by an algorithm (算术) of the kind that computers follow. Elastic thought cannot. Logical thought is solved to help us face the everyday challenges of life while elastic thought helps us succeed when circumstances change.
One can also cultivate flexible thinking by adjusting one’s external conditions.
Studies show that sitting in a darkened room, or closing our eyes, can widen our perspective. Low ceilings, narrow corridors, and windowless offices have the opposite effect. Being able to think without any kind of time pressure is also important when striving for novel ideas.
Another way we can try is to pay special attention to one of our strongly held beliefs, take it seriously and recall times in the past that we were wrong about something, even though we’d been confident of being right. In fact, more generally, introducing a little disagreement to our intellectual interactions may also be helpful.
| A．The way we use and access them is also subject to frequent “disastrous changes”. |
| B．It examines the ever-increasing changes we find ourselves living through, and the ways of thinking best suited to them. |
| C．Flexible thinking comes naturally to all humans, but it may be blocked by our ability to tune out “crazy” idea. |
| D．In what way is it hard to think “flexibly”? |
| E．It is where our new ideas come from. |
| F．Just as important, interruptions are deadly. |
| G．How can we learn to be more flexible in our own thinking? |
7 . When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of lonely self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn’t until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn’t emerge as a thing on the list at all. This is surprising when you consider the current common emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has been done to explore the way in which collegial ties can help overcome a range of work place-issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more.
Perhaps my expectations of lunches, watercooler’ gossip and caring, deep and meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment-Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you or form a close bond with them.
In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked-at the concept of “indifferent relationships ”. It’s a simple term that illustrates the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be not close, not important, not sensible and even, dare I say it, disposable or replaceable.
Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they’ re especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over conflict. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort, actually.
As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several proven benefits. One of those is efficiency. Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and yielding (产出).
The other is self-esteem. As human beings, we’re prepared to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-provoking phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances more so than close friends. Since the former is most common among those more likely involved in indifferent relationships, their predominance can boost individuals’ sense of self-worth.
Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one’s focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None of that might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey, I’ll take it anyway
1. What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world?| A．Making hew mends with this workmates was not as easy as he had thought. |
| B．Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him shake off lonely feelings. |
| C．Building close relationships with his colleagues was not as important as he had expected. |
| D．Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than self-employment. |
| A．They should be cultivated. |
| B．They are actual irrelevant. |
| C．They are vital to corporate culture. |
| D．They should be reasonably intimate. |
| A．They feel uncomfortable when engaging in social interactions. |
| B．They often find themselves in confrontation with their colleagues. |
| C．They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issues. |
| D．They are unwilling to make efforts to maintain workplace relationships. |
| A．They provide fun at work. |
| B．They improve work efficiency. |
| C．They help resolve differences. |
| D．They help control emotions. |
8 . We’ve all heard it before: to be successful, get out of bed early. After all, Apple CEO Tim Cook gets up at 3:45 am, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne at 3:30 am and Richard Branson at 5:45 am- - -and, as we know, “The early bird catches the worm.” Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed.
But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it’s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am. makes you want to roll over and hit snooze until next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life?
For about half of us, this isn’t really an issue. It’s estimated that some 50% of the population isn’t really morning- oriented or evening oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls. For them, the effect can go beyond falling asleep in front of the TV at10 pm or being regularly late for work.
Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self-directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they are less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke.
Although morning types may achieve more academically, night owls tend to perform better on measures of memory, processing speed and cognitive ability, even when they have to perform those tasks in the morning. Night-time people are also more open and more creative. And one study shows that night owls are as healthy and wise as morning types- and a little bit wealthier.
Still think the morning people sound more like CEO material? Don’t set your alarm for 5 am just, yet, as it turns out, overhauling (大修) your sleep times may not have much effect.
“If people are left to their naturally preferred times, they feel much better. They say that they are much more productive. The mental capacity they have is much broader,” says Oxford University biologist Katharina Wulf. On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain.
1. What can we know from the 4th and 5th paragraphs?| A．Neither night owls no morning persons perform better than the middle ones. |
| B．To beat night-time people, ask them to do maths calculation in the morning. |
| C．Night owls tend to sacrifice their health for their wealth. |
| D．Morning types are more conservative but more optimistic. |
| A．Don’t fall asleep in front of the TV. |
| B．Better not overhaul your sleep times. |
| C．Stop sting your alarm for 5 am. |
| D．Avoid being-regularly late for work. |
| A．raising the problem→analysing the problem→solving the problem. |
| B．presenting author’s viewpoint → providing supporting proofs→making a conclusion. |
| C．leading in the topic→challenging a viewpoint → discussing about the topic. |
| D．introducing a viewpoint -raising the question→presenting author’s viewpoint. |
| A．To argue against the view that the early bird catches the worm. |
| B．To compare the differences between early risers and night owls. |
| C．To advise people to get up neither too early nor too late. |
| D．To explain why some people are more successful. |
| What we do The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) responds quickly and efficiently to help people affected by armed conflict. We also respond to disasters in, conflict zones, because the effects of a disaster are compounded if a county is already at war. | |
| Coronavirus: COVID-19 pandemic For people living in conflict zones, the pandemic spread of coronavirus disease (also known as COVID-19) represents a dramatic threat to life. Health systems are destroyed by war, and it could be difficult for people in these areas to prioritize actions related to the coronavirus COVID-19 as there could be many other more immediate threats to life, such as gunfire and bombings. | Enabling people with disabilities& physical rehabilitation In addition to developing our own. Prosthetics technology we have acquired a high level of expertise and attach great importance to maintaining support for a project over many years. As well as providing physical recovery services, we help people with disabilities play a full part in society. This includes promoting the setting up of small business, providing professional training and promoting sport. |
| Migrants, refugees, shelter seekers The ICRC has adopted a broad description of migrants, to involve all people who leave or flee from their home to seek safety or better prospects abroad, and who may be in disaster and need of protection or humanitarian assistance. Refugees and shelter seekers, who are entitled to specific protection under international law, are included in this description. | Access to education Around the world, millions of people affected by armed conflict and other situations of violence are unable to get an education. The fighting can destroy or damage education facilities, it can make it unsafe to get to school and to be in school. In prolonged (旷日持久的) conflicts, entire generations can remain without education due to economic hardship and to poorly resourced and weakened education systems. This increases social and economic vulnerabilities and raises the risk of exclusion and abuse for many people, particularly girls. For people affected by armed conflict and other situations of violence, the ability to continue or to restart their education is among their top priorities. Education enables people to live and rebuild their lives with dignity and provides them with knowledge and skills to make important decisions about their life, livelihood, and well-being. |
| A．particularly difficult for the girls only in prolonged conflicts |
| B．spoiled in conflict zones due to the loss of education facilities |
| C．the least important thing for those suffering from the war |
| D．effective in helping people flee their homes |
| A．The entire generations who have suffered so long from war may go without education. |
| B．All people away from home or in need take part in the charity campaign for migrants. |
| C．The ICRC not only provide physical recovery services but also help the disabled to play sports through professional training. |
| D．The victims of war also consider the prevention of COVID-19 the most important. |
| A．a newspaper |
| B．the ICRC official website |
| C．a booklet of charity activities |
| D．an academic journal |
The Battle at Lake Changjin tells the story of CPV (Chinese People’s Volunteers) soldiers fighting bravely in
