1 . 书面表达
假定你是李华，David 是你的美国笔友。他对中国鼓励使用环保购物袋很感兴趣，来信向你询问此事。请你给他写封回信。主要内容如下：
1.感谢他的关注；
2.简要介绍相关情况；
3.谈谈你的感想。
注意：
1.词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好；
2.可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：环保购物袋 environment-friendly shopping bag   关注 concern.
Dear David,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

2 . A new report says plastics are responsible for $13 billion in damage to the oceans and the undersea environment. The findings were announced recently at a United Nations conference.     1    .

Plastic thrown away carelessly makes its way into rivers and other waterways.     2     After a while, it collects in the sea. And plastic never goes away. Plastic is not biodegradable—destroyed by bacteria or natural processes. Instead, it just breaks up into smaller pieces over time. The oceans contain a lot of chemicals and other pollutants (污染物).     3    . That means harmful material may get into our food supply.

    4    . Human beings cause pollution and they can take steps to stop it. They can use fewer single use product containers and throw plastics away correctly. Plastic recycling programs also works—where old bottles and other plastics are collected, broken down and used to make new products. We could reuse bottles in our households many times if we wish to, rather than end it after the first use. We could, when we get rid of that plastic, recycle it and reuse it, which replaces the need for raw materials.

The report also calls on companies to improve methods for using plastics.     5    . And it calls for information about the way plastic is thrown out or removed from use. By putting a new value on plastic, industry has a special reason to clean up the environment. But all of the companies must join to deal with the problem.

A．Then, fish may eat the plastics.

B．But people can make a big difference.

C．Plastics should be gathered together and reused.

D．It is convenient to use plastic bags in everyday life.

E．It asks for them to better measure and control plastic use.

F．The plastic eventually reaches coastal areas and ocean waters.

G．The report tells about harm to sea life and what might be done to improve the situation.

3 . New Zealand will create one of the largest marine protected areas in the world, spanning an area of 620,000 sq km.

The Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary (保护区) will be one of the world’s most significant fully protected ecosystems, the prime minister of New Zealand, John Key, told the UN General Assembly in New York.

The sanctuary is in the South Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 km north-east of New Zealand, and expands a marine reserve that surrounds some small islands. The area is considered important in terms of biodiversity, featuring nearly 35 species of whales and dolphins, 150 types of fish and three of the world’s seven sea turtle species. It is also geologically significant, including the world’s longest chain of underwater volcanoes and the second deepest ocean trench, into 10 km underwater — deeper than Mount Everest’s height. The scale of the sanctuary will dwarf (矮化) any previous New Zealand’s protected area, spanning twice the size of the country’s mainland. It will cover 15% of New Zealand’s economic zone.

Commercial and recreational fishing will be completely banned, as will oil, gas and mineral prospecting (勘探), exploration and mining. Key’s government aims to pass legislation establishing the sanctuary next year.

"The sanctuary is a world-class, unspoiled marine environment and New Zealand is proud to protect it for future generations,"Key said."New Zealanders value our coasts and oceans, which are an important part of our culture, economy and environment and we are committed to managing them sustainably. Creating protected areas will support not only our own fisheries, but those of our Pacific neighbors, adding to New Zealand’s efforts to help grow Pacific economies through the responsible management of their ocean resources."

Nick Smith, New Zealand’s environment minister, said the sanctuary might impose a cost upon the mining industry but that it is important to protect the ocean before exploration takes place."New Zealand needs to use its vast ocean resources for jobs and exports in industries like fishing, aquaculture, minerals and energy, but we also need to set aside special areas where nature comes first and marine life is fully protected,"Smith said.

New Zealand will monitor the area via its navy and satellite technology. The Kermadec region will join three other key areas in the Pacific protected by the US, the UK and Australia.

Matt Rand, director of the Pew Charitable Trusts’ Global Ocean Legacy (遗产) campaign, welcomed Key’s announcement."New Zealand will create the gold standard of conservation areas in the sanctuary, preserving one of the few ly unspoiled areas of ocean on Earth,"he said."This commitment is an exciting step toward meeting global goals to safeguard at least 30% of the ocean through fully protected marine reserves."

1. Why is the Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary important in biodiversity?

A．It has a superior geographical location.

B．It has many different kinds of sea animals.

C．Its environment is suitable for the growth of marine life.

D．It is the only unspoiled area of ocean remained on Earth.

2. Which of the following will Key probably agree on?

A．People are allowed to fish for fun in the sanctuary.

B．All Pacific countries should be responsible for ocean resources.

C．New Zealanders attach great importance to protecting the sanctuary.

D．New Zealand has made great achievement in creating protected areas.

3. What can we infer from what Nick Smith said?

A．New Zealand should develop its marine industry in special areas.

B．The Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary may affect New Zealand’s mining industry.

C．New Zealand hasn’t figured out how to make full use of its ocean resources.

D．Measures should be taken immediately to protect the ocean after explorations.

4 . A new report says plastics are responsible for $13 billion in damage to the oceans and the undersea environment. The findings were announced recently at a United Nations conference.     1    

Plastic thrown away carelessly makes its way into rivers and other waterways.    2    After a while, it collects in the sea. And plastic never goes away. Plastic is not biodegradable — destroyed by bacteria or natural processes. Instead, it just breaks up into smaller pieces over time. The oceans contain a lot of chemicals and other pollutants.    3    That means harmful material may get into our food supply.

    4    Human beings cause pollution and they can take steps to stop it. They can use fewer single use product containers and throw plastics away correctly. Plastic recycling programs also works — where old bottles and other plastics are collected, broken down and used to make new products. We could reuse bottles in our households many times if we wish to, rather than end it after the first use. We could, when we get rid of that plastic, recycle it and reuse it, which replaces the need for raw materials.

The report also calls on companies to improve methods for using plastics.     5    And it calls for information about the way plastic is thrown out or removed from use. By putting a new value on plastic, industry has a special reason to clean up the environment.

But all of the companies must join to deal with the problem.

A．It asks for them to better measure and direct plastic use.

B．But people can make a big difference.

C．Plastics should be gathered together and reused..

D．It is convenient to use plastic bags in everyday life.

E．Then, fish may eat the plastics.

F．The report tells about harm to sea life and what might be done to improve the situation.

G．The plastic eventually reaches coastal areas and ocean waters

5 . El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.

The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nino in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.

But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.

The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.

Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.

1. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?

A．It is named after a South American fisherman.

B．It takes place almost every year all over the world.

C．It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.

D．It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.

2. What may El Nino bring about to the countries affected?

A．Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.

B．Droughts become more harmful than floods.

C．Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.

D．Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.

3. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.

A．more investment should go to risk reduction

B．governments of poor countries need more aid

C．victims of El Nino deserve more compensation

D．recovery and reconstruction should come first

4. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A．To introduce El Nino and its origin.

B．To explain the consequences of El Nino.

C．To show ways of fighting against El Nino.

D．To urge people to prepare for El Nino.

6 . 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Ransom Myers of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia warned, using solid science and careful analysis, of the dangers of overfishing. He didn’t mince words and he wasn’t afraid to report bad news. As the Guelph Mercury reported, the 54-year-old biologist, originally from Mississippi, was known for his research and warnings about the extinction of marine life around the world.
He developed a passion for marine protection during his days in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, where he worked for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans at a time when the industry was watching the collapse (崩溃) of the cod (鳕鱼) fishery. He became, says the Guelph Mercury, a lone, unpopular voice in the discussion about the cause of the collapse, insisting overfishing was the main factor. The world was spending its energy fighting over the few fish left instead of cutting catch limits before it was too late.
He warned governments, the fishing industry and consumers, that unless commercial fishing was reduced, many large marine species would become extinct, leading to economic disruptions, food shortages, and lasting damage to marine ecosystems. He said his conclusions were shocking because people had lost sight of the true effect of the declines and they did not look back far enough in history. In other words, he said, “We’ve forgotten how big fish used to be and how many of them once lived in the sea.”
1. Ransom Myers was known for his scientific work in _____.

A．physics

B．chemistry

C．biology

D．economics

2. The underlined sentence “He didn’t mince words” in Paragraph 1 probably means “_____”.

A．He always kept his promises

B．He was spoken highly of by his workmates

C．He was not good at giving lectures

D．He said exactly what he thought

3. Which of the following is NOT true about Ransom Myers?

A．He became interested in marine protection when the cod fishery was in danger of collapse.

B．He wrote a book about the history of marine protection.

C．He suggested that commercial fishing should be reduced.

D．Many people turned a deaf ear to his warnings about the dangers of overfishing.

4. According to Ransom Myers, the reason why people found his conclusions shocking was that _____.

A．they didn’t have a good knowledge of the living habits of fish

B．they could still catch a great many big cod

C．they didn’t know the great differences between the present and the past marine fishery

D．they thought his research was not based on a detailed analysis

7 . In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The _______ is that countries around the world have growing mountains of _______ because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.

How did we _______ a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to _______ an object than to spend time and money to repair it. _______ modern manufacturing (制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and _______.

Another cause is our _______of disposable (一次性的) products. As _______ people, we are always looking for _______ to save time and make our lives easier. Companies ________ thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.

Our appetite for new products also ________ to the problem. We are ________ buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that ________ is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we ________ useful possessions to make room for new ones.

All around the world, we can see the ________ of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To ________ the amount of rubbish and to protect the ________, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. ________, this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem.

Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions ________ throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about ________. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.

1.

A．key

B．reason

C．project

D．problem

2.

A．gifts

B．rubbish

C．debt

D．products

3.

A．face

B．become

C．observe

D．change

4.

A．hide

B．control

C．replace

D．withdraw

5.

A．Thanks to

B．As to

C．Except for

D．Regardless of

6.

A．safe

B．funny

C．cheap

D．powerful

7.

A．love

B．lack

C．prevention

D．division

8.

A．sensitive

B．kind

C．brave

D．busy

9.

A．ways

B．places

C．jobs

D．friends

10.

A．donate

B．receive

C．produce

D．preserve

11.

A．adapts

B．returns

C．responds

D．contributes

12.

A．tired of

B．addicted to

C．worried about

D．ashamed for

13.

A．newer

B．stronger

C．higher

D．larger

14.

A．pick up

B．pay for

C．hold onto

D．throw away

15.

A．advantages

B．purposes

C．functions

D．consequences

16.

A．show

B．record

C．decrease

D．measure

17.

A．technology

B．environment

C．consumers

D．brands

18.

A．However

B．Otherwise

C．Therefore

D．Meanwhile

19.

A．by

B．in favour of

C．after

D．instead of

20.

A．spending

B．collecting

C．repairing

D．advertising

8 . Parts of Africa are covered by a dark cloud. But this is no rain cloud. It is a living cloud made of billions of locusts (蝗虫) that are traveling across the continent eating everything in their path.

And now in the battle to stop this disaster, a radio station in Senegal, West Africa, is offering listeners 50 kilograms of rice if they can catch and kill 50 kilograms of locusts. “We think this idea will get more people to take part in the war on the locusts,” said Abdoulaye Ba, from Sud-Fm, a radio station in one of Senegal’s worst affected area.

This is West Africa’s biggest locust disaster in 15 years, and it is moving east, causing huge damage to crops. As they move they produce young and increase their number and will soon threaten Sudan in the northeast of Africa. Some say it could reach Asia.

Experts say the harmful effect on crops in areas already suffering from food shortage and war could cast many people to go hungry. Governments in the areas are not well equipped to fight the pest.

Although leaders of 12 countries have agreed on a plan, it is not expected to be enough. “We are now treating 6,000 hectares per day with pesticide (杀虫剂), but we need to treat 20,000 hectares per day in order to have any hope of controlling this disaster,” said Mohamed Adballahi Ould Babah, director of locust control in Mauritania.

Requests are being made for international aid, which is the only way to limit the disaster, the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization warned.

1. By using “dark cloud” to describe locusts in the first paragraph, the author mainly meant to                 .

A．show the size, speed and damage of the mass of locusts

B．suggest the high speed that locusts travel at

C．warn that locusts would sweep the continent severely

D．hint that they look like dark monster

2. The story is mainly about                 .

A．West Africa’s united effort in fighting a disaster

B．the difficulty in controlling locusts

C．the great damage locusts caused to West Africa

D．a struggle to fight against a disaster brought by locusts in West Africa

3. According to the text we learn that the locust disaster                 .

A．can be even more serious in Asia

B．is then out of control

C．has affected greatly most areas

D．cannot be stopped unless twice as much pesticide is provided for the affected areas

4. Which of the following is WRONG?

A．Sud-Fm offered a reward for fighting locusts so that more people would join in the effort.

B．Senegal is to southwest of Sudan.

C．The locusts can cause such damage mainly because it has no natural enemy in West Africa.

D．12 countries affected by locusts have unitied but still lack pesticide.

9 . 最近一段时间我国多个地方出现雾霾天气，极大地影响了人们的健康与生活。请你以此为话题，写一篇英语短文，向某英文报投稿。文章应包括以下要点：
1.对生活造成的影响；
2.建议采取的措施。
要求：1.词数100左右；

2.开头已给出，不计入总词数。

参考词汇：零霾smog

Recently smog has occurred in many areas of China, _____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

10 . To extinguish (熄灭) different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have been invented. They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out. Most portable (手提式的) kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are useful only on small fires. The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers.
Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the most common way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get.
Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things. A blanket may be used do cover a small fire.
A third method is called separation, which includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn, from a fire, so that it can find no fuel.
The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon the type of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keep the fire on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water.
1. If a fire breaks out on a bus, which of the follow should be ready there for you to use?

A．Sand.

B．Water.

C．A blanket.

D．An extinguisher.

2. To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is an example of       .

A．cutting off the oxygen	B．reducing the heat
C．removing the fuel	D．separating the fire

3. In choosing how to put out a fire, we should first be clear about          .

A．when it breaks out	B．what kind it is
C．how it comes about	D．where it takes place

4. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

A．Another type of extinguishers.

B．Another class of fires.

C．How fires break out.

D．How fires can be prevented.