1 . Walk or drive to work? Which way is lower in carbon (碳)? To be friendly to the environment, you may choose to walk. Have you ever tried to live a low-carbon life through your diet (日常饮食)?
A new study from the University of Oxford has looked into the health and environmental influences of 15 foods common in western diets. Among these, plant based (基于植物的) foods included fruits, vegetables, nuts and potatoes. It also studied animal-based foods, including red meat, chicken, milk products, eggs and fish.
According to the study’s lead researcher, Michael Clark, “Choosing better and greener diets is one of the main ways people can improve their health and protect the environment.” That is to say, plant-based diets are much healthier for us and kinder to the environment.
To get this result, researchers compared the influence of eating another portion (一份) of each food with the increased risk of a few illnesses. They also found out the environmental harm for each animal-based food and each plant-based food.
By using this method, the study found that red meats were the most unfriendly foods to the environment. Keeping farm animals produces a large number of methane (甲烷) that keeps 30 times more heat than CO2. As well as making the earth warmer, eating too much red meat is known to increase the risk of a few illnesses, such as heart trouble.
Plant-based diets can give us the same health benefits in a much greener way. According to the study, without eating or using meat and milk products, global farmland use could be cut down by more than 75% and still feed the world.
Speaking to the Guardian (英国卫报), Tim Benton of Chatham House (英国皇家国际事务研究所) said, “If we can give people reasonable official (官方的) advice of what a healthy and green diet is, the world and its people would be in a much better place.”
1. Which one is animal-based food?| A．Milk products. | B．Fruits. | C．Potatoes. | D．Vegetables. |
| A．Many people choose to walk to work. |
| B．Plant-based diets are healthier and greener. |
| C．The more we eat, the better the environment is. |
| D．15 foods common in western diets are not healthy. |
| A．The harm of CO2. | B．The risk of heart trouble. |
| C．A reason for keeping animals. | D．Two disadvantages of red meats. |
| A．问题 | B．害处 | C．益处 | D．赞扬 |
| A．Teaching farmers to plant vegetables correctly. |
| B．Offering doctors new methods to treat patients. |
| C．Guiding people to lose weight by doing exercise. |
| D．Giving official advice on health and environment. |
2 . It’s hard to turn down junk food. However, eating too much is bad for your body, especially if you’re between the ages of 10 and 19. “Junk food shapes teenage brains in ways that make their ability to think, learn and remember weaker. It can also make it harder to control bad behaviors. It may even up a teen’s risk of mental (精神上的) problems,” said Amy Reichelt, a scientist at Western University, Canada.
Reichelt and two other researchers reviewed more than 100 studies about how poor food choices can make a big difference to teenage brains. They found teenagers are more sensitive (敏感的) than any other age group to foods with a lot of fat and sugar, as their brains are not yet fully formed.
Teenage brains are still developing the ability to notice risks and control actions. The prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) is the part of the brain tells us we shouldn’t eat chips all the time and helps us control ourselves. However, this part doesn’t fully develop until we are in our early 20s. At the same time, teen brains get more excited from prizes. The parts of the brain that make us feel good when we do something happy—like eating tasty foods—are fully developed by the teen years.
As a result, the teen brain has two hits against it when it comes to refusing junk food. Reichelt and her team did an experiment using mice, whose brains develop much like our own. They discovered that “teenage” mice that had high-fat foods performed worse on memory tests than those eating normal foods.
So, what’s the best way to say no to junk food? The answer is exercise. When we exercise, the brain becomes less sensitive to food, besides this, it also helps our brains grow and become better able to make wise decisions.
根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?
| A．What junk food is. | B．Why teenagers like junk food. |
| C．How junk food harms teen brains. | D．How food helps human brains develop. |
| A．Because their brains are fully developed. |
| B．Because they need energy for their development. |
| C．Because they have a low level of excitement in their brains. |
| D．Because they are more sensitive to the joy that junk food offers. |
| A．We get more excited while eating junk food. |
| B．High-fat foods could harm our ability to deal with information. |
| C．Human brains develop at a slower speed than the brains of mice. |
| D．High-fat foods could make mice behave better at performing arts. |
A． | B． | C． | D． |
| A．An instruction. | B．An interview. | C．A poem. | D．A story. |
3 . As people all over the world struggled with higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety this past year, many turned to their favorite comfort foods: ice cream, pizza, hamburgers. But studies in recent years suggest that the high-sugar and high-fat foods when we are stressed or depressed, as comforting as they may seem, are the least likely to be good for our mental (精神上的) health. Instead, whole foods such as vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs, nuts may be a better bet.
Historically, nutrition research has paid much attention to how the foods we eat influence our physical (身体上的) health, rather than our mental health, though. Over the years, large population studies have found that people who are asked to follow a Mediterranean diet for three months had greater reductions in symptoms of depression after three months compared to a control group. Public health professors around the world have started encouraging people to take and use lifestyle behaviors like exercise, sound sleep, a heart-healthy diet and avoiding smoking that may reduce inflammation (发炎) and have advantages for the brain. Individual clinicians (临床医师) are already including nutrition into their work with patients. Dr. Drew Ramsey, a clinical professor at the Columbia University, begins his meetings with new patients by exploring their diet. He asks what they eat, learns their favorite foods, and finds out if foods that he considers important for the connection are missing from their diets, such as plants, seafood.
Dr. Ramsey said he didn’t want people to think that the only factor involved in brain health is food. “Lots of people get their food exactly right, live very active lives, and still have many troubles with their mental health,” he said. But he also teaches people that food can be empowering. “We can’t control our genes,” he said. “But we can control how we eat, and that gives people actionable things that they can do to take care of their brain health on a daily basis.”
1. What do previous (以前的) nutrition studies mainly pay attention to?| A．How our diets influence our mental health. | B．How our diets influence our physical health. |
| C．How our mental health influences our diets. | D．How our physical health influences our diets. |
| A．They try to satisfy their patients’ needs. |
| B．They are questioning public health professors. |
| C．They want to prove the value of healthy diets. |
| D．They have accepted the findings of large population studies. |
| A．Some connection lives between our diets and mental health. |
| B．People can control their genes as well as how they eat. |
| C．People living active lives will not have mental problems. |
| D．Eating a healthy diet is going to cure depression. |
4 . College students often hear about the “freshman fifteen”. What does it mean? You may wonder.
It means the fifteen pounds, or about seven kilograms students might gain (获得) in their first year of college.
Many young men and women put on extra weight when they start college. Some schools have studied it. Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, has found that freshmen gain an average of four pounds during their first twelve weeks. That is almost two kilograms. If weight gain continues at this rate (比率), how long will they put on fifteen pounds? The answer is forty-five weeks, or almost a year.
And why do so many freshmen gain weight? The answers listed by experts are not so surprising. The freshmen gain weight because it’s the first time for college kids to enjoy complete control over their own lives. They may choose to eat and drink whatever they want, whenever they want. For example, college students often eat foods high in fat. After all, there are no parents around to say no to junk food. Students may also miss meals. They could be in class or studying or just … busy. Also, freshmen often use food to relax their mind, they will overeat when they have food as they have college pressures to deal with.
This may be short-lived (短暂的), but the weight gain should not be overlooked (忽视). Remember: It requires more effort to lose those pounds than to simply not gain them in the beginning. Or even worse, they may carry the extra weight around for years.
1. What does the “freshman fifteen” mean?| A．The first fifteen days at college. |
| B．The freedom first-year college students enjoy. |
| C．The fifteen pounds first-year college students gain. |
| D．The fifteen pounds first-year college students lose. |
| A．give themselves more energy | B．gain extra weight |
| C．taste junk food | D．take pressures off their mind |
| A．One. | B．Two. | C．Four. | D．Five. |
| A．Weight. | B．Freshman fifteen. | C．Pressure. | D．Eating. |
| A．“freshman fifteen” may have long-term effect on college students |
| B．weight gain is nothing serious for freshmen |
| C．“freshman fifteen” is not a common problem |
| D．“freshman fifteen” is a problem hard to prevent |
5 . Thanks to China’s large population of Internet users, many foreign bloggers have seen their popularity grow in recent years. German influencer（网红）Pamela Reif is one such blogger. She rose to fame at the age of 16, when she started posting pictures of her lifestyle and fitness routine online.
In early June, Pamela uploaded her first video, “12-Minute Happy Sweat Workout,” on Chinese social media. Within just two months, Pamela gained nearly 1.5 million followers on Bilibili. To date, her online videos have been viewed over 20 million times.
In a recent interview, Pamela spoke about her journey from schoolgirl to influencer. “I was basically just a normal teenager at school. Instagram was becoming cool so I started uploading food pictures and gym selfies（健身房自拍）. I was just doing all this without any plan. It grew from there,” the 24-year-old said.
Pamela has shown us that training and diet go hand in hand when it comes to reaching your fitness goals. So what does she eat and how does she exercise?
In her daily life, Pamela follows what she calls the “right diet”. She wants people to think about sensible eating — not just for the body, but also for the globe. It is all about sustainability（可持续发展）. She points to the fact that eating meat puts huge pressure on the environment. While she does eat meat, she tries to keep the majority of her diet vegetarian.
Pamela also puts a lot of effort into health and fitness. She does this by targeting（以……为目标）specific muscle groups in her body. And best of all, she works out without using any gym equipment. This allows her to get the same quality workout wherever she happens to be at the time.
1. What is the reading mainly about?| A．How to keep healthy. | B．How to take good gym selfies. |
| C．What “sensible eating” is. | D．A German influencer. |
| A．Chinese Internet users hardly know who Pamela Reif is |
| B．Pamela posted pictures of her lifestyle and fitness routine online after she graduated |
| C．“sensible eating” means one should only eat fruit and vegetables for the globe |
| D．working out by targeting specific muscle groups has the same effect as working out in a gym |
| A．“12-Minute Happy Sweat Workout” has been viewed over 20 million times |
| B．Instagram is quite popular among people of her age |
| C．Pamela keep a strict diet for herself and her fans |
| D．she started uploading food pictures and gym selfies to draw public attention |
| A．By becoming an internet influencer. | B．By targeting specific muscle groups in her body. |
| C．By training and keeping the right diet. | D．By working out without using any gym equipment. |
| A．Getting Fit with Pamela Reif | B．From Schoolgirl to Influencer |
| C．Eating for the Globe | D．Ways to Become Famous |
It’s hard to refuse hamburgers, French fries and all of the other junk food. However, eating too much junk food can harm your body, particularly if you’re between the ages of 10 and 19.
“Junk food shapes adolescent brains in ways that harm their ability to think, learn and remember. It can also make it harder to control impulsive behaviors,” said Amy Reichelt, at Western University, Canada. “It may even increase a teen’s risk of discouraging and anxious feelings.”
Reichelt and two other researchers reviewed more than 100 studies, about how poor food choices can affect adolescent brains. They found adolescents are more sensitive than any other age group to processed foods with a lot of fat and sugar as their brains are not yet fully formed.
Adolescent brains are still developing the ability to judge risks and control actions. The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that tells us we shouldn’t eat chips all the time and helps us control that desire. However, this region doesn’t fully develop until we are in our early 20s.
Meanwhile, teen brains get more excited from rewards. The parts of the brain that make us feel good when we do something enjoyable—like eating tasty foods—are fully developed by the teen years.
In fact, these regions are even more sensitive when we are young. That’s because dopamine, a natural chemical that lifts our mood when we experience something good, is especially active in adolescent brains.
Therefore, the teen brain has two attacks against it when it comes to saying no to junk food. “It has an increased drive for rewards and reduced self-control,” said Reichelt.
Reichelt and her team did their own study using mice, whose brains develop much like our own. They discovered that the “teenage” mice that had a high-fat diet performed worse on memory tests than those eating a normal diet. Researchers said the high-fat diet may make the mice’s prefrontal cortex work less effectively.
So, _________________? The answer is exercise. When we exercise, the brain’s reward system becomes less sensitive to food. Exercise also helps the body to make a protein that helps brain cells grow and boosts connections between the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions. The prefrontal cortex thus can work better to help us make wise decisions and control our impulses.
1. What is the purpose of the first two paragraphs?| A．To explain the dangers of junk food. | B．To analyze why junk food is hard to refuse. |
| C．To figure out what junk food is. | D．To show the connection between food and brains. |
| A．Their desire to take risks. | B．Their overactive brains. |
| C．Their still-developing prefrontal cortex. | D．The low level of dopamine in their brains. |
| A．what is the result of the experiment on mice |
| B．how does junk food affect adolescent brains |
| C．why do we need sensitive prefrontal cortex |
| D．what’s the best way to say no to junk food |
| A．Food for Thought | B．Exercise: the Best for Brains |
| C．Adolescent Brains | D．Healthy Food for Teens |
7 . Bottled water has become the choice for people who are healthy and thirsty. Bottled water is all over the world. But some say the planet's health and people's health may be suffering from it.
The idea that bottled water is safer for humans may not be true. The Natural Resources Defense Council of America said. "There is no promise that because water comes out of a bottle, it is cleaner or safer than water from the tap." Another New York City-based action group added that some bottled water is "really just tap water in a bottle—sometimes cleaner, sometimes not."
It is not tested that bottled water is better than tap water. Nick Reeves from the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management said, "The high mineral content(矿物质含量) of some bottled water makes them not good for feeding babies and young children. "Also, most bottled water doesn't have fluoride(氟化物), which can make teeth stronger. Kids are drinking more bottled water and less fluoridated tap water, and some say that's behind the recent rise in bad teeth.
Storing is another problem. Placed near heat, the plastic bottles can produce bad chemicals into the water. Store bottled water appropriately. Bottled water, like many foods and drinks, should be stored in the appropriate way to keep the quality and safety of the product. Keep bottled water out of the light and heat.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, some 2.7 million tons of plastic are used worldwide to bottle water each year. The plastic can take between 400 and 1,000 years to break down.
For energy use, plastic bottles are also not cheap. One report said that if water and drink bottlers had used 10 percent recycled materials in their plastic bottles, they would have saved about 72 million gallons of gas.
So, if you are worried about the effect of bottled water on the earth, you can take the following four steps:
Step 1. Drink from your tap. Unless your government warns against this, it should be fine.
Step 2. Get a container(容器). Carry your tap water in a steel or a lined drinking container, and clean it between uses.
Step 3. Keep it cool. Don't drink from a bottle that has been sitting in the sun, don't store it near chemicals, and don't reuse plastic bottles.
Step 4. Choose glass containers over plastic if possible. When finished, recycle!
1. What can we learn about bottled water from the passage?| A．Plastic bottles are not expensive to make. |
| B．It is tested that bottled water have high fluoride. |
| C．Bottled water may cause the rise in bad teeth. |
| D．The plastic can be broken down in less than 400 years. |
| A．bottled water is safer and cleaner than tap water for humans |
| B．plastic bottles can produce bad chemicals into the water in cool places |
| C．babies and young children need bottled water with high mineral content |
| D．gas can be saved if water and drink bottlers had used recycled plastic bottles |
| A．we can do something to reduce the bad effect of bottled water |
| B．we can improve the bottled water by storing it in right places |
| C．the government is against people to drink tap water in recent years |
| D．scientists can invent some new materials to produce bottled water |
| A．Bottled water and tap water. |
| B．Be careful to drink bottled water. |
| C．The disadvantages of bottled water. |
| D．How to drink bottled water safely. |
Do you have lunch at school? Do you like having lunch at school? “School dinners”（that means “lunch”）is a hot topic in the UK these days.
A typical school dinner costs about two pounds (about 17 yuan) a day for a secondary pupil in the UK. Parents usually need to pay for the typical school dinner in advance online. There is usually a main course, a dessert and a drink. And dinners must include food groups such as fruit and vegetables, protein and carbohydrate(碳水化合物).
Martha Payne, from Scotland, started a blog called Neverseconds about her school dinners when she was just nine years old. She posted photographs of her lunch every day and gave the food a grade out of ten.
Now, more than a third of British school pupils have school dinner. Some take a packed lunch, prepared at home. Others either have lunch at home or eat at nearby take-away restaurants.
There are also many plans to examine school dinners in the UK and look at ways to make them better. Henry Dimbleby and John Vincent started Leon, a chain of restaurants which sell healthy fast food. The British government has asked the two restaurant owners to collect information about school dinners and see how they can be improved.
| A．The grade depended on the quality of the food and how healthy it was. |
| B．But now fewer and fewer British school pupils have lunch at school. |
| C．Kids’ parents can set daily spending limits and see exactly what they buy. |
| D．There are different opinions about what young people eat at lunchtime. |
| E．In the past, school dinner led lots of problems because of breakfast costs. |
| F．Maybe complaints about school dinners will soon be a thing of the past. |
| G．There are many rules about how the food of school dinner is prepared. |
9 . The way you spend your morning can add a certain flavor to the rest of your day. Here are some healthy lifestyle habits that help you start your day in a better way.
Listen to Music
Many people shower in the morning though we often rush through it. Why not take a few extra minutes to take a shower? As you let the warm water loosen your muscles, think about the challenges that lie ahead, focus on what you have to be grateful for in life, and remember this warm feeling.
For those of you who start the day on a cake and coffee, read this! Breakfast is known as the most important meal of the day for a very good reason: a healthy meal in the morning can balance your blood sugar levels and give you the nutrients you need to handle physical and mental stress. Be sure to have plenty of protein and fruit, not just caffeine and empty calories!
Keep Your Journal
Journaling has many health benefits and can lead to increased self-awareness. Take a few minutes to focus on what you hope to achieve.
Morning Walk
| A．Relax in the Shower |
| B．Eat a Balanced Breakfast |
| C．Don’t skip your breakfast |
| D．Music can reduce stress and have a positive effect on health |
| E．You can just write about what you are grateful or right now |
| F．Many people walk in the morning because of its health benefits |
10 . Teenagers need to eat nutritious (有营养的) food while they’ re still young so that they will grow up to be healthy adults. Therefore, it is necessary for school cafeterias (食堂) to provide healthy food. With this in mind, the government has introduced a new food safety regulation (规定) that will improve nutrition and health standards in schools.
The regulation took effect on April 1. It requires those who are in charge of kindergartens, primary and secondary schools to eat with students in their cafeterias. Schools will also be required to make information regarding food sources and suppliers (供应商) public.
The regulation also suggests that parents should eat with students at school in order to provide advice on food safety and nutrition. Schools must find out food safety problems and solve them in a timely manner.
If a school is caught buying low-quality food or failing to report food safety incidents (事件), the people in charge of the school will be warned, fired or handed over to law enforcement (执法机关), the regulation says.
Parents across China have become increasingly angry about food safety incidents in schools, according to The Beijing News.
The most recent example occurred in March at the Chengdu No 7 High Development School. Parents posted videos and photos of moldy (发霉的) food that was served in the school’s cafeteria, China Daily reported. The school’s principal was eventually fired.
In October, the head of an international school in Shanghai was fired after health and education authorities found moldy tomatoes and onions in the schools kitchen.
1. The story is mainly about a new regulation about ________.| A．students’ eating habits | B．school principals |
| C．food safety in schools | D．parent-teacher relationships |
| A．show the public where their food comes from |
| B．improve the conditions of their cafeterias |
| C．allow teachers and students to eat together |
| D．build more than one cafeteria |
| A．Teenagers should go home to eat meals every day. |
| B．Parents should play a part in improving food safety in schools. |
| C．Food safety problems can be easily solved. |
| D．Parents are angry about food safety incidents in schools. |
| A．the punishment for food safety violations is serious |
| B．school principals nationwide are not doing their jobs well |
| C．food can get moldy more easily in the south than in the north |
| D．school cafeterias often serve rotten food to cut their costs |
