1. Who is the speaker?
A.An English teacher. | B.A university student. | C.A news reporter. |
A.Boring. | B.Interesting. | C.Difficult. |
A.Practicing listening more after class. |
B.Trying to understand every wore when listening. |
C.Listening to pop songs without reading the words. |
A.How to understand English teachers better. |
B.How to find interesting English materials. |
C.How to improve your listening in English. |
2 . Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds' beaks, giant tortoise shells—and language. “The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection, he wrote in The Descent of Man in 1871.
Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change, but very little wrestles with the forces of human cognitive (selection that fix certain words into the vocabulary. For an extensive new study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, scientists investigated just that.
The scientists carried out two experiments and the results combine to show three properties that give words an “evolutionary advantage” by helping them stick in the brain: First, words typically acquired at an early age such as “hand” or “today”) are stabler. Next, concrete words linger better than abstract ones: “dog” lasts longer than “animal,” which lasts longer than “organism.” Lastly, emotionally exciting words—whether negative or positive—tend to last.
Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But this new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand.
Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk.” One researcher explains: “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexity of modem life may somewhat balance out this shift.The proposed trend toward “simpler” language is controversial. Columbia University linguist John MeWhorter more or less agrees with the study's results about evolutionary advantages within language. He questions, however, implications regarding the overall efficiency of English—a language he says contains things like “needlessly complex” grammatical traces.
Study lead author Ying Li, a psychologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a non-native English speaker, notes that English had even more puzzling grammar in the past. MeWhorter, Li supposes, “would complain more if he traveled back 800 years ago.”
1. What does the underlined word “that” in the second paragraph refer to?A.The origin of certain favored words | B.The social influence on language formation. |
C.The cognitive control over language evolution. | D.The environmental factor in language decline. |
A.Mother; cup; happy. | B.Hope; trend; realism. |
C.Metal; plastic; virus. | D.Tax; smog; anxious. |
A.It gets harder to communicate in English. |
B.New words tend to be shorter and simpler. |
C.The complexity of English has been totally lost. |
D.The efficiency of English improves as it evolves. |
A.Li provides extra data. | B.Li makes an assumption. |
C.Li consults a historical authority. | D.Li suggests a solution. |
1. 自己对英语的喜爱;
2. 如何使用网络流行词“显眼包”;
3. 表达感谢。
注意:
1. 词数80 左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Stephen,
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
4 . In July 1915, severely tortured by his poor health, James Murray, one of the early editors of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), defined one final word. After his 36 years’ dedication to the dictionary, his hard labour had taken a toll, knowing he would not see the project complete.
The poetic quality of Murray’s final days is one of the many memorable tales in The Dictionary People. Beginning in 1857, the OED was a huge crowdsourcing project - “the Wikipedia of the 19th century” - comprising 3, 000 people. The idea was to create a “descriptive” dictionary that tracked words’ use and meaning over time, unlike its “prescriptive”18th-century predecessor by Samuel Johnson, which told readers how to say and use words. Volunteers read widely, mailing in examples of how “rare, old-fashioned, new, strange” words were used. What is surprising about this fairly random method is that it worked.
The origin story of Sarah Ogilvie’s book is almost as improbable as that of the dictionary itself. Ms Ogilvie, a former scholar who served as an editor for the OED, went into the documents of Oxford University Press and came across an old notebook. It had belonged to Murray and contained the names and details of the dictionary volunteers, most of whom had previously been unknown. The Dictionary People is her work of detective scholarship, bringing the lives behind the names to readers.
Ms Ogilvie’s book is full of intriguing stories. The presentation of the book is unconventional, too, taking its structure from the work it describes. There are 26 alphabetical chapters, each celebrating a group of contributors ( memorably, “K” is for “kleptomaniac” people who desire to steal). This is a clever arrangement, though it sometimes means that broader issues emerge only in pieces.
Essentially, this is a story about ordinary people. It is concrete proof of those who, to cite dictionary-helper George Eliot, “lived faithfully a hidden life, and rest in unvisited tombs”.
1. What does the underlined expression “taken a toll” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Paid off. |
B.Proved in vain. |
C.Worn out the passion. |
D.Had a harmful effect. |
A.It serves as an example of dictionary editing. |
B.It provides precise directions for word usage. |
C.It is a cooperative work of many volunteers. |
D.It was edited with the help of Samuel Johnson. |
A.The story behind Sarah Ogilvie’s book. |
B.The detective methods of Sarah Ogilvie. |
C.Legends of the early OED editors. |
D.Murray’s role in editing the OED. |
A.A review of a book. |
B.A biography of an editor. |
C.An essay on dictionary editing. |
D.An introduction to a dictionary. |
5 . Many people who are learning English want to know how to improve their reading skills.
Reading is one of the most important language skills because we use it to expand our vocabulary and improve the way we speak, write and listen.
So how do we practice reading so that our skill level improves? When we read a passage, we need to understand it. We must understand what the important words mean in each sentence. This does not mean that we need to know the meaning of every word. In many cases, we can find out what words mean from the words around them.
Reading is an essential part of your study of the English language. It can help you understand and learn more. It can also become a satisfying hobby.
A.Unfortunately, there is no easy way to do this. |
B.Unlike listening, reading allows us to take our time. |
C.Among the four skills, listening is the most important one. |
D.It is hoped that you will love reading and improve your reading skills. |
E.When we read, we can see how things are said, from sentence structure to expression. |
F.If we do not, we will not be able to understand what the entire article or story is about. |
G.Once we understand what the words mean, we need to figure out what the message is. |
The 13th United Nations Chinese Language Day under the theme of “Chinese Language: Together for a Bright Future” has taken place,
Six art schools from five countries joined in the online event with dance works
Language Days at the United Nations seek
1. Why was Farmers’ Almanac started?
A.To record big events in the natural world. |
B.To make language learners learn better. |
C.To help farmers grow crops better. |
A.Sailing at the sea. | B.Predicting the weather. | C.Explaining expressions. |
A.An old publication. | B.The origin of an idiom. | C.Sailors’ tough life in the past. |
8 . With offices slowly re-opening, we may soon be expected to go back to interviewing in the old-fashioned way—in person. During an interview, your main job is to sell yourself as a confident and capable asset. But how can you do that? One thing you should do is think about your body language.
● Give a good handshake but not too good. We’ve all heard that a handshake should be firm because one that is too soft can make you appear weak or shy.
● Watch your posture(姿势)and maintain eye contact.
●
● Listen actively and try using the mirroring technique. Active listening is a key part of any interview.
A.Don’t gesture but smile. |
B.But there is such a thing as too firm. |
C.And here are some common red flags to avoid |
D.Keep your hands away from your face and smile. |
E.This may seem obvious but it bears repeating: Sit up straight. |
F.By doing so, you indicate to the interviewers that they have your full attention. |
G.Here are a few ways to use body language to your advantage in your job interview. |
1. 学生阅读英语文学作品的现状及其原因;
2. 阅读英语文学作品的益处;
3. 呼吁多读英语文学作品。
注意:
1. 写作词数应为80左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
参考词汇:literature文学
Dear fellow students,
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That’s all. Thanks for listening!
“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,” says Dan Ariely, behavioural psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Lying is even considered
According to Ariely, lying takes work. In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gains while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine. Some people told the truth instantly. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal (颅腔壁的) control network, which is involved in complex thinking. It suggested that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty, and after thinking about it,
External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we think others are watching. “We
In a 2016 study, Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people told a lie, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala, a crucial part of the brain that produces fear and guilt. But when scientists had their subjects