1 . 我国古代数学著作《九章算术》中记载:斜解立方,得两堑堵.其意思是:一个长方体沿对角面一分为二,得到两个一模一样的堑堵.如图,在长方体
中,
,
,
,将长方体
沿平面
一分为二,得到堑堵
,下列结论正确的序号为______ .
①点C到平面
的距离等于
;
②
与平面
所成角的正弦值为
;
③堑堵
外接球的表面积为
;
④堑堵
没有内切球.
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/6e09725691ee7851f54c0dee86b2bf55.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/efc6e4b936d7a800e839a30c3839574d.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e65a3e478bb87d094e3a0af30dd10ae8.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/1f3e58edd1f900ca82bb2a3058293f52.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/6e09725691ee7851f54c0dee86b2bf55.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/679748eab882a6be0fefd2cc300349a4.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/2b5b14d74bdf9ed7c45b2e754b7ccc4f.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/4/2/203cf047-3c7e-43ff-9a8e-fb0157d5f7d4.png?resizew=233)
①点C到平面
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/679748eab882a6be0fefd2cc300349a4.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/81365a3726621b6557bd26f3a1a51cae.png)
②
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/588eb9393564a33552c4b2e8de837ca5.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/411b38a18046fea8e9fab1f9f9b80a5f.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/15a24acb11fac4bcf6a86e3e9223a48b.png)
③堑堵
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/2b5b14d74bdf9ed7c45b2e754b7ccc4f.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/f08a01aed02ce1eaf1aaefaa0342b7ad.png)
④堑堵
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/2b5b14d74bdf9ed7c45b2e754b7ccc4f.png)
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解题方法
2 . 我国古代劳动人民在筑城、筑堤、挖沟、挖渠、建仓、建囤等工程中,积累了丰富的经验,总结出了一套有关体积、容积计算的方法,这些方法以实际问题的形式被收入我国古代数学名著《九章算术》中.《九章算术
商功》:“斜解立方,得两堑堵.斜解堑堵,其一为阳马,一为鳖臑.阳马居二,鳖臑居一,不易之率也.合两鳖臑三而一,验之以棊,其形露矣.”下图解释了这段话中由一个长方体,得到“堑堵”、“阳马”、“鳖臑”的过程.已知如图堑堵的棱长
,则鳖臑的外接球的体积为_________ .
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e85bda46cc51c938224d9165301e3896.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/814883ab9eddcfa676c7413a74d62d9d.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/2020/6/30/2495938048925696/2497171298246656/STEM/d9960f0034d24382a856916070dea1da.png?resizew=339)
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解题方法
3 . 《九章算术》作为中国古代数学专著之一,在其“商功”篇内记载:“斜解立方,得两堑堵.斜解堑堵,其一为阳马,一为鳖臑.”鳖臑是我国古代数学对四个面均为直角三角形的四面体的统称.如图所示,
是长方体.
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/1/2/6a84f643-7a0a-48be-a06e-2c4d86274256.png?resizew=133)
(1)求证:三棱锥
为鳖臑;
(2)若
,
,
,求三棱锥
的表面积.
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/6e09725691ee7851f54c0dee86b2bf55.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2024/1/2/6a84f643-7a0a-48be-a06e-2c4d86274256.png?resizew=133)
(1)求证:三棱锥
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/d38593653bedb845ecfa820806a29a1e.png)
(2)若
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/3d2c15801fee2405573677484f5dcfa4.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/d0d5a2cd05e4476fc72271e8fdb59a9a.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e55a2310cbba5e050488cd9296eb195d.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/d38593653bedb845ecfa820806a29a1e.png)
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解题方法
4 .
九章算术
商功
“斜解立方,得两堑
堵
斜解堑堵,其一为阳马,一为鳖
臑
阳马居二,鳖臑居一,不易之率也
合两鳖臑三而一,验之以棊,其形露矣
”刘徽注:“此术臑者,背节也,或曰半阳马,其形有似鳖肘,故以名云
中破阳马,得两鳖臑,鳖臑之起数,数同而实据半,故云六而一即得
”阳马和鳖臑是我国古代对一些特殊锥体的称谓,取一长方体,按下图斜割一分为二,得两个一模一样的三棱柱,称为堑堵
再沿堑堵的一顶点与相对的棱剖开,得四棱锥和三棱锥各一个.以矩形为底,另有一棱与底面垂直的四棱锥,称为阳马
余下的三棱锥是由四个直角三角形组成的四面体,称为鳖臑.
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2023/3/31/2f4db74b-e7e3-4f58-a61b-90abce75befa.png?resizew=415)
(1)在下左图中画出阳马和鳖臑
不写过程,并用字母表示出来
,求阳马和鳖臑的体积比;
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2023/3/31/24b43e16-6ed4-4ea0-a84f-3aa49e073360.png?resizew=283)
(2)若
,
,在右图中,求三棱锥
的高.
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/33b0e787c1d82071c825975348698f58.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e85bda46cc51c938224d9165301e3896.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/93dd4ee75eaf5d8f2e1c758cb18a0341.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c2c3cf2e7ed24dadc34e6216a3f5c4bb.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/5e48ef01e30a6ec3dd9940fd767030e8.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/9d589e7b70f38ec2f41b68c889a56482.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/78be1239d7b3a80cead923442e1f8df5.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c90282d4a37c9a20620d4bbb0c263cae.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c90282d4a37c9a20620d4bbb0c263cae.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c90282d4a37c9a20620d4bbb0c263cae.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c90282d4a37c9a20620d4bbb0c263cae.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c90282d4a37c9a20620d4bbb0c263cae.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e2db9a58e185e4fd9c4f86efb24480f1.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2023/3/31/2f4db74b-e7e3-4f58-a61b-90abce75befa.png?resizew=415)
(1)在下左图中画出阳马和鳖臑
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/fd995178601c2ad7b40f973d268c7bb7.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/04582116cd765fcc5a52f44279ad6c94.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2023/3/31/24b43e16-6ed4-4ea0-a84f-3aa49e073360.png?resizew=283)
(2)若
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/3813fa868b9a107058dc709145746437.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/ef0402dd5ae3db10281f9f1e11738bcb.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/9651b2b082f5de09e5a410804c4c2c0f.png)
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5 . 有一圆柱形的无盖杯子,他的内表面积是
.
(1)试用解析式将杯子的容积
表示成底面半径
的函数;
(2)定理:若
,则
,当且仅当
时等号成立.
阅读下列解题过程:求函数
的最大值.
解:
,当且仅当
,即
时等号成立,所以
时,
的最大值为
.
问:当杯子的底面半径为多少时,杯子的容积最大,最大容积是多少?
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/b12d5b15f6979cd665d54fd17341fc2f.png)
(1)试用解析式将杯子的容积
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/04b785a4b6636ed1f145ed8f7e3a0fef.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/5be6e964c405a9cdf6623f9219898fd3.png)
(2)定理:若
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/2c0c9fd7b50fc20cc3e7c0bd4442c306.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/162cd9270205b4e891f7e806abe01bf5.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/44acc0ee22dc4b7750e8be825e7c1355.png)
阅读下列解题过程:求函数
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/896cf6a3fcde580b4cd78431ba255d0f.png)
解:
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/68661d53ba9a388797dc9a42595a593d.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/25359e135f750694a9103837dbc9a291.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/280878aa2e6d5580178cc6c99229b9ed.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/280878aa2e6d5580178cc6c99229b9ed.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/d053b14c8588eee2acbbe44fc37a6886.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/738bc12c4d44438814ce6f606fda695a.png)
问:当杯子的底面半径为多少时,杯子的容积最大,最大容积是多少?
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真题
解题方法
6 . 解下列各题:
(1)圆锥的高为
,母线和底面半径成
角,求它的侧面积.
(2)求过点
且与直线
垂直的直线方程.
(1)圆锥的高为
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/4dd6f4250ca6b1b9bce234a01f00d44d.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/f6b86c22b670a8e9f3896f9e8883fbbb.png)
(2)求过点
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/52ae286ae8a209bc659ace6354b79abf.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c9a6e0bd125dc6618f19e26bef64b0ae.png)
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7 . 《九章算术·商功》:“斜解立方,得两堑堵.斜解堑堵,其一为阳马,一为鳖臑.阳马居二,鳖臑居一,不易之率也.合两鳖臑三而一,验之以棊,其形露矣.”刘徽注:“此术臑者,背节也,或曰半阳马,其形有似鳖肘,故以名云.中破阳马,得两鳖臑,鳖臑之起数,数同而实据半,故云六而一即得.”
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2022/11/27/e5993170-2f4e-4cc5-b942-25e82698d51b.png?resizew=444)
如图,在鳖臑ABCD中,侧棱
底面BCD;
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2022/11/27/a607565f-9b51-4909-854f-36d57edfe0e2.png?resizew=340)
(1)若
,
,
,
,求证:
;
(2)若
,
,
,试求异面直线AC与BD所成角的余弦.
(3)若
,
,点P在棱AC上运动.试求
面积的最小值.
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2022/11/27/e5993170-2f4e-4cc5-b942-25e82698d51b.png?resizew=444)
如图,在鳖臑ABCD中,侧棱
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/21f9157fce2a8339d281178c7c0bccbe.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2022/11/27/a607565f-9b51-4909-854f-36d57edfe0e2.png?resizew=340)
(1)若
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/4bd6a2b112facda441f4e34bf5c145fa.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/00be7c72b7d222730571ce5d7c288eba.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/8c125d80008eed00b5bf47dc5df47246.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e468b7ccc9795b5feb53ad072e597b34.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/78f2b8dcbb2f7c2047896bc7aecc22bf.png)
(2)若
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/ced06b71073e1bb777f326f06016ce17.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/ef0402dd5ae3db10281f9f1e11738bcb.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/037b342a682cbd4241855a243da3c016.png)
(3)若
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/ff9c7cbcc38b28d45c8539710e5b260a.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/a2e1ab67f8e48ad3340cf9d165cd75f0.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/acee03d4bb4667b6c345221b6c9b0fa4.png)
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8 . 中国古代数学名著《九章算术》中记载了一种名为“堑堵”的几何体:“邪解立方,得二堑堵,邪解堑堵,其一为阳马,一为鳖臑”.“堑堵”其实就是底面为直角三角形的直棱柱.某“堑堵”如图所示,
,点
在线段
上,
平面
.
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2023/2/3/4f5a3d98-9afb-4a7e-9f18-7f6e2129b29e.png?resizew=177)
(Ⅰ)证明:
;
(Ⅱ)若点
是底面
内的动点,且
,求三棱锥
体积的最小值.
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/cf6c80edb989cd755d5850d077b5de02.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/8455657dde27aabe6adb7b188e031c11.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/f52a58fbaf4fea03567e88a9f0f6e37e.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/5cd597851c0db4e4de4769e10e09383b.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/74bca84ad86c648d3bb20c8909c8da3f.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/editorImg/2023/2/3/4f5a3d98-9afb-4a7e-9f18-7f6e2129b29e.png?resizew=177)
(Ⅰ)证明:
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/0ff29971ccc633d89832ffa9bd54afa3.png)
(Ⅱ)若点
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/ac047e91852b91af639feec23a9598b2.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e168672b47d7e64dc1b404f8882c7dcf.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/387f057a0b956fe74b7f624fde743d3b.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/f909b3c41d4152c265c7e6e88b5fe29d.png)
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2021·上海浦东新·三模
名校
9 . 某工厂承接制作各种弯管的业务,其中一类弯管由两节圆管组成,且两节圆管是形状、大小均相同的斜截圆柱,其尺寸如图1所示(单位:
),其中斜截面与底面所成的角为
,将其中一个斜截圆柱的侧面沿
剪开并摊平,可以证明由截口展开而成的曲线
是函数
的图像,其中
,
,如图2所示.
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/2021/5/20/2725319832076288/2730995936878592/STEM/306e80d3-1869-484b-b0c3-2bec5b669829.png?resizew=228)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/2021/5/20/2725319832076288/2730995936878592/STEM/6a824180-fff5-4dc0-822f-7fb64b201efd.png?resizew=240)
(1)若
,求
的解析式;
(2)已知函数
的图像与x轴围成区域的面积可由公式
计算,若制作该种该类弯管的一截圆管所用材料面积(即斜截圆柱的侧面积)等于与之底面相同且高为
的圆柱的面积,求
的值(结果精确到
).
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/9efa9fbcfb9595e2f031aa691db4564b.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e170f206fdbbd834aad7580c727e2cc6.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/2777840758e70e7dbbc18cef8f3d6d2b.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/7e58750ec6571eaa9f2ac3ca6f0a6ce5.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e4a63412a8e10dca8d002978e17c45a4.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/2480f87a11c4cd450bc9454ea7276722.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/a4456675a5dbe545462a22cef9aca8fe.png)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/2021/5/20/2725319832076288/2730995936878592/STEM/306e80d3-1869-484b-b0c3-2bec5b669829.png?resizew=228)
![](https://img.xkw.com/dksih/QBM/2021/5/20/2725319832076288/2730995936878592/STEM/6a824180-fff5-4dc0-822f-7fb64b201efd.png?resizew=240)
(1)若
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/c6e2e859e649b43a21b623f63472122a.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/51c530f4b7491b95acb8ce3eef9aa09d.png)
(2)已知函数
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/51c530f4b7491b95acb8ce3eef9aa09d.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/e58a22ac4aca667f4363d3526feb8f25.png)
![](https://staticzujuan.xkw.com/quesimg/Upload/formula/18703d241f6fe0a0dedcc815603322fc.png)
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