1 . Conflict in communities is usually about the task or the person. Of course, sometimes it’s hard to separate one from the other.
Task conflict happens when people have different ideas of what needs to be done. It points to potential differences in opinion about everything you can imagine that is essential for a group: mission, priorities of tasks, compensation mechanism (机制), decision-making mechanisms, etc. Task conflict is not a problem when people realize the source of the conflict is the task and not the people. Community members must resolve tension inclusively with everyone’s voice being heard and acknowledged. However, this does not mean that the solution must include everyone’s opinion. After the conversation, everyone should feel that they had a fair chance to express their opinion and that it was taken seriously by others and not brushed aside.
Conflict between people is tricky because it’s attacking a person’s essence and self-worth. Often this form of conflict, relationship conflict, happens when two conditions are met: First, people have different values or are holding different assumptions, and secondly, neither party can see beyond their own biases. With relationship conflict, the person is perceived to be the problem and is being attacked by others. Each party assumes that most people are on their side and that the other person is acting out of self-interest. This eventually leads to people disagreeing with each other, not for the task’s sake but to prove the other person is wrong.
Sometimes conflict originates in a task. People might prefer different tools or different approaches. If this initial controversy is ignored or not dealt with appropriately, the relatively easy task conflict turns into a more complex relationship conflict. When relationship conflict occurs, a lot of things are reactive rather than reflective. People stop thinking and act impulsively (冲动地).
All in all, remember that every culture has its own way of handling conflict. Some people consider it dishonest if an argument is not addressed openly, while in other cultures, such a discussion will not be acceptable. It comes down to “Don’t assume everyone thinks like you”.
1. What does the underlined phrase “brushed aside” in Paragraph 2 mean?A.Approved. | B.Ignored. | C.Swept. | D.Denied. |
A.Eric has a quarrel with his girlfriend in shopping mall. |
B.Group members are debating which approaches to be used. |
C.Tom is criticized by his best friend for being irresponsible. |
D.Two neighbors have a big argument over community health issues. |
A.Relationship conflict originates from task conflict. |
B.Task conflict is easier to resolve than relationship conflict. |
C.Conflict in communities causes people to make impulsive decisions. |
D.Task conflict can be sometimes transformed into relationship conflict. |
A.Give a warning. | B.Offer a suggestion. |
C.Make an assumption. | D.List a misconception. |
2 . In Favour of Simple Writing
Do you edit text messages carefully before sending them? If so, you may be the kind of person who takes pride in
People are constantly receiving messages, from the mailbox to the inbox to the text-message alert. What to read, what to skim (略读) and what to ignore are decisions that nearly everyone has to make dozens of times a day. A new book titled All Readers are Busy Nowadays makes the argument for being the careful kind of
Take “less is more”. Most books on writing well advocate the advice to
Keeping messages to a
Syntax (句法) and
If everyone is a busy reader, everyone is a busy writer, too. That may make it tempting to sent as many messages as
A.conveying | B.understanding | C.crafting | D.sending |
A.care | B.quantity | C.simplicity | D.technology |
A.reader | B.poster | C.learner | D.writer |
A.structures | B.principles | C.aims | D.alternatives |
A.remove | B.ignore | C.reconsider | D.interpret |
A.conveyed | B.translated | C.tested | D.shaped |
A.lowered | B.affected | C.doubled | D.maintained |
A.basic | B.positive | C.definite | D.single |
A.Recording | B.Reducing | C.Counting | D.Estimating |
A.in comparison | B.after all | C.for instance | D.in particular |
A.word-choice | B.pattern-design | C.target-setting | D.platform-selection |
A.difficult | B.suitable | C.challenging | D.common |
A.carefully | B.often | C.politely | D.quickly |
A.outcomes | B.points | C.figures | D.benefits |
A.received | B.written | C.read | D.answered |
3 . How To Stop Bein g A People Pleaser
As a recovering people pleaser, I spent much of my life keeping others happy. Breaking this habit meant stepping on a few toes. However, I’ve become a happier person as a result. Here are some tips I used to stop being a people pleaser.
Identify your priorities. Take a moment to think about why you are trying to learn how to stop being a people pleaser.
Just say “no”. One reason why people pleasers say “yes” to everything is that they fear disappointing others.
Accept yourself. Many people pleasers are insecure about who they are.
Remember that you cannot please everyone. No matter what you do there will always be someone who is unhappy with your choices.
A.Learn to set healthy boundaries. |
B.Don’t mix up your boundaries with others’. |
C.Who are the people that you feel the need to please? |
D.Spend some time learning to love yourself for who you are. |
E.So why bother trying to please everyone if it isn’t possible? |
F.But saying “no” is the best way to take care of your own needs. |
G.That is why the more you seek security, the less of it you have. |
1. What does Miyako want to do?
A.Make a call. | B.Send a card. | C.Hold a party. |
A.Making an apology. | B.Giving an explanation. | C.Sharing an experience. |
5 . Awe (敬畏) is that feeling we get when something is so vast that it stops us in our tracks. Often, it expands our thinking, increases positive emotions and brings overall satisfaction in life.
Most of us associate awe with something rare and beautiful: nature, music or a spiritual experience. But people can trigger awe too, and not just famous people, such as athletes or astronauts.
Often, this interpersonal awe is a response to life’s big, sweeping charges, such as witnessing a baby’s first steps. For Lynn Heady, a retired educator, it’s watching a friend fight cancer and still embrace life.
Blurting (脱口而出) out “Wow, that was awesome!” is a simple way to help you identify and remember a special experience.
A.Below are some useful tips. |
B.This will enhance your positive emotions. |
C.But interpersonal awe happens in smaller moments, too. |
D.An awe experience can make us feel small in the vast universe. |
E.We can be awed by our nearest and dearest-the people around us. |
F.Unfortunately, we can’t make someone else behave in a way that’s awesome. |
G.It can also help our relationships, making us more understanding and supportive. |
6 . Having a good sense of humor makes you more enjoyable to be around.
●Surround Yourself with Humor
You learn more effectively when you fully expose yourself to a subject. Similarly, you can improve your sense of humor by surrounding yourself with humor. Watch stand-up comedians. Listen to programs that amuse you.Read humorous books.
●Learn What Amuses You
●Think About Timing and Audience
You don’t have to be funny all the time, so don’t expect that of yourself. When you catch yourself trying to be funny, slow down. Simply speak slower so you’re not as likely to stop and repeat yourself. Try speaking at 60-70 % of your usual rate.
●
You don’t need to seize every single opportunity to be funny. If you’re in the middle of a bad joke, just end it. “You know what, now that I’m telling it, it’s not as funny as it sounded in my head,” can be a bit of an awkward end and hurt your pride a little bit, but it saves everyone time and patience. In the long run, they’ll respect your taste.
A.Be Creative, Not Silly |
B.Pause in between sentences |
C.There’s a lot of fun out there |
D.You might also do better at work |
E.Know When to Pull the Plug on Yourself |
F.You can also try your hand in the real world |
G.A lot of times, we say things purely to please others |
7 . When I was nine years old, I was desperately in love with a man who was 40 years my senior. Don’t worry; Mickey Dolenz of The Monkees didn’t even know I existed because he’d stopped being an actor 20 years earlier. But that didn’t stop me from decorating my books with love hearts.
The Monkees were entirely manufactured, but as a product they were a success: they used the media to develop a bond between an audience member and her target. In their TV show, they regularly broke the fourth wall, throwing knowing winks (眨眼) to camera, and shared their funny behind-the-scenes lives. They made us think we knew them, as a friend.
This kind of “parasocial relationship” (准社交关系) has long roots in media. Radio characters like Lonesome Gal started her program with, “Sweetie, I love you,” speaking directly to her listeners in the the 1950s. Each individual felt he had her undivided attention. She was an entirely virtual girlfriend, at a time when the word had nothing to do with technology.
Parasocial relationships have become a means to an end in the digital age, now that selling yourself has become a way of life. Using these relationships is how you gain followers, credibility and influence. But once you start to gain a critical mass, the relationship necessarily transforms—at least in the eye of the digital personality. You can speak directly to one fan, or even five. But it’s not possible to respond to the 10, 000 people who subscribe to your TikTok. What was once a close and friendly relationship turns into a business transaction (交易).
Rising social media stars have to manage themselves and their boundaries. That’s one of the most undeveloped skills in the digital age. Today’s parasocial relationships are surfing unknown territory, so it is expected that they—we—will make mistakes. And who is there to help when we’ve put ourselves out there online?
1. What do we know about a parasocial relationship?A.It isn’t developed without mutual understanding. |
B.It isn’t healthy or beneficial at all to either side. |
C.It is a relationship that enjoys good interaction. |
D.It is an imaginary relationship with a celebrity. |
A.Stepped down from the stage. | B.Interacted with the audience. |
C.Removed bricks of the wall. | D.Engaged with photographers. |
A.The expansion of digital marketing. | B.The intentional ignorance of fans. |
C.The increase in the number of fans. | D.The lack of communication skills. |
A.To raise public concern. | B.To present a scientific study. |
C.To give a full explanation. | D.To express personal feelings. |
8 . Ways to Always Be Yourself and Live Happily
Don’t aim to please others.
Don’t worry about how others view you. Occasionally thinking about how others view you may make you change for the better.
Forgive yourself. Forgive yourself for thinking negatively. Forgive yourself for talking without thinking twice. Don’t think negative thoughts about yourself for taking wrong steps or making wrong decisions. This kind of thinking puts your focus on the problem and not the solution. It’s better to say good thing about yourself than to say negative things.
Strive for what you want to accomplish. Being yourself does not have to mean that you have to be stuck in the status quo(现状).
A.Learn more about yourself. |
B.Aim for what you want to achieve. |
C.Stop being negative about yourself. |
D.Saying positive things is a sign that you have forgiven yourself. |
E.Committing to something and working toward it will lead to happiness. |
F.But you should not be constantly wondering about what others are thinking. |
G.There is a problem if you are always doing what everyone else wants to do. |
9 . Peer pressure occurs when a peer group has direct or indirect pressure to do certain actions. The term “peer” often refers to people one knows in real life and that have a similar social status to oneself. However, the larger culture can also bring about peer pressure.
Many people consider peer pressure a negative thing.
Research suggests peer pressure sometimes begins in elementary school.
Research has long shown that peer pressure can increase the risk of someone trying drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes.
A.However, this isn’t always the case. |
B.Coping with peer pressure can be tough. |
C.Unconsciously, we are all influenced by people around us. |
D.Certain people are more affected by peer pressure than others. |
E.At this age, group values and routine begin to form among children. |
F.It’s impossible to resist peer pressure when a child is struggling to fit in. |
G.For example, television can convey to the public an acceptable way to behave. |
10 . The doors open wide, you enter, and they close behind you. As the elevator goes up, you realize it’s just you and one other person taking this ride. The silence soon grows uncomfortable. What’s your go-to move? A)Stare at your shoes. B)Pull out your cellphone. C)Make brief eye contact. D)Start a conversation.
If your answer is B, you’re like far too many of us, who tend to do just about anything to avoid conversation or even eye contact with strangers. And smartphones make it easier than ever to do that. But a body of research has shown that we might just be short-changing (亏待) our own happiness by ignoring opportunities to connect with the people around us.
Several years ago, psychologist Elizabeth Dunn and her colleague Gillian M. Sandstrom tested whether short conversations with strangers could lift moods. They asked participants to enter a busy coffee shop and grab a drink-half would just get in and get out, and half would strike up a conversation with the waiter. “We found that people who were randomly assigned to turn this economic behavior into a quick social interaction, left the coffee shop in a better mood,” Dunn says. Why, if connecting with others makes us happy, do we so often avoid it? Social anxiety could be preventing these types of interactions, says behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley. His experiments revealed that train and bus commuters (通勤者) who interacted with other passengers experienced a more pleasant ride-even when they believed they would prefer reading a book. It is fear that the person sitting next to us won’t enjoy talking to us that makes us keep to ourselves, Epley found.
So, how can we avoid the risks of loneliness and stop short-changing our own happiness? It might be easier than you think. Start with folks like the cashier in a grocery store or the waiter at your local coffee shop, Dunn says. You’ve got to interact with them anyway, so you might as well make an effort to turn it into a friendly exchange.
1. What can be learned about those who choose B as an answer?A.They are addicted to the digital world. |
B.They feel uncomfortable being stared at. |
C.They enjoy connecting with familiar people much. |
D.They hate making small talks with people unknown to them. |
A.Speak to the waiter. | B.Avoid asking for change. |
C.Choose a drink randomly | D.Get out of the coffee shop quickly. |
A.To protect their privacy. | B.Due to fear of rejection. |
C.Due to busy schedules. | D.To enjoy views outside. |
A.The benefits of avoiding loneliness. | B.The benefits of pleasant commutes. |
C.The benefits of talking with strangers. | D.The benefits of interacting with local people. |